(already supported in part by AID funds) as the Pan 

 African Institute of Development, Cameroun; Inter- 

 African Committee for Water Resources Studies, tipper 

 Volta; Pan American Center for Sanitary Engineering and 

 Environmental Sciences, Peru; and the Asian Institute 

 of Technology, Thailand. 



In addition, we recommend that the United States 

 consider sponsoring regional seminars, workshops, or 

 in-depth demonstrations for water resource planners, 

 managers, and technicians to expedite the transfer of 

 new technologies and the development of problem-solving 

 experience. 



WHO has begun a program to make country water 

 assessments for community water supplies and 

 sanitation. It is collecting basic information on 

 present systems, personnel available and needed, 

 projections for water demand, and the availability of 

 water resources. U.S. sanitary engineers, systems 

 analysts, and hydrologists could provide technical 

 support for these baseline surveys through AID or HEW. 



Finally, research is needed to develop firmer 

 knowledge on how the use of water affects health at the 

 village level. One recent report reviews a number of 

 studies supporting the view that diarrhea is 

 significantly reduced among infants and children when 

 water is piped into the house. However, the overall 

 report concludes that "Studies of the association 

 between health and water supply and sanitation allowing 

 an accurate prediction of health (and economic) 

 improvements under a variety of circumstances have not 

 been carried out (Saunders and Warford 1976:196)." 

 Such studies could provide the economic justification 

 for investments in rural water supplies, particularly 

 if the effects of water on health and nutrition could 

 be quantified. In 1976, such a study was supported in 

 Brazil by AID; several replications carried out under 

 different economic conditions would be desirable so 

 that appropriate generalizations could be made. 



3. Contraceptive Technology 



Although men and women around the world enjoy a 

 considerably wider choice of contraceptive methods than 

 2 years ago, the available technology is far from 

 satisfactory. Advances during this period have 

 included the development and various refinements of 

 oral contraceptives and the intrauterine device (IUD) , 

 both widely used; new and simpler methods of female 

 sterilization; the development of an injectable 

 hormonal method; legitimation and increasing use of the 

 condom as an acceptable public program method; use of 

 foam in some programs; mass use of vasectomy in several 



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