Effective policymaking requires the combined talents of 

 planners and natural and social scientists in an 

 institutional setting that permits systematic analysis. 



We suggest that the United states might usefully 

 offer (1) to continue and, if demand warrants, expand 

 short-term exchanges of senior scientists, engineers, 

 and managers to discuss with colleagues in developing 

 countries ways to strengthen mechanisms for bringing 

 local scientific and technical expertise to bear on 

 development policies; (2) to support training of U.S. 

 experts who could consult with developing country 

 planners on ways to institutionalize science and 

 technology in national policymaking; and (3) to 

 develop, in collaboration with developing country 

 analysts, a program of research exploring ways to 

 improve linkages among research and development 

 institutes and between them and individual enterprises. 



Another possibility might be to consider whether 

 the United States could help universities or private 

 sector institutions in developing countries to 

 complement policy analysis by government agencies. 

 Much constructive review of U.S. policy is done outside 

 the government; organizations like The Brookings 

 Institution, the American Enterprise Institute for 

 Public Policy Research, Resources for the Future, Inc., 

 and others offer useful counterweights to planning and 

 analysis within the U. S. government. The United States 

 might explore potential contributions to encouraging 

 the development of such institutions in developing 

 countries. 



An important function of government policymaking 

 and planning is to promote the health of the nations 

 scientific and technical capabilities. Large dividends 

 can be expected from strengthening working 

 relationships among organizations concerned with 

 science and technology. Still larger returns are 

 possible from linkages between these organizations and 

 users of technology in the public and private sectors. 

 National research and development laboratories in 

 developing countries have often been ineffective in 

 relating their activities directly to the nation 1 s 

 production needs. One reason for this is that many 

 developing countries need skilled managers of science 

 and technology even more than they need highly trained 

 scientists and engineers. 



Nevertheless, the long-term progress of technology 

 development in developing countries depends on a 

 gradual strengthening of science education and research 

 in those countries, and the United states should make 

 clear that it supports this goal. strengthening the 

 institutions in which scientists work would facilitiate 

 channeling scientific resources in support of efforts 

 to overcome specific local barriers to technological 



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