resources should be invited, especially in the 

 following areas: 



— developing and implementing operational water 

 management programs based on available data, 

 technologies, know-how, and present-day needs; 



— developing more comprehensive, long-range plans for 

 integrated water resource management including 

 collecting data on water availability and quality; 

 forecasting demand in different sectors; analyzing 

 the adverse secondary effects of previous water 

 resources development; and evaluating the economies 

 of using alternative or new technologies to 

 minimize adverse effects and maximize benefits from 

 water use, including techniques of recovery and 

 recycling. 



The Oak Ridge National Laboratory National 

 Inventory of Selected Biological Monitoring Programs is 

 an appropriate prototype activity that could be used to 

 advise both U.S. institutions and developing countries 

 of available scientific programs, technologies, and 

 personnel. Any teams the United States sends to 

 developing countries should include a balanced 

 contribution from those who are familiar with the 

 science, those who know how to apply science in the 

 form of technology, and those who have special skills 

 in finance, planning, and management. 



5. Effective Use of Marine Resources 



Traditionally, estuarine and coastal waters have 

 been used as inexpensive avenues for commercial 

 fishing, shipping, and transportation; dispersal of 

 toxic wastes and thermal effluents; and, in more recent 

 years, for recreational purposes. In certain areas, 

 they have been mined extensively for a variety of raw 

 materials, including petroleum, and they remain the 

 primary source of the worlds fisheries, both finfish 

 and shellfish. However, increasing competition for the 

 use of these resources has created the problem of 

 managing marine resources in such a way as to obtain 

 the highest long-term net social value. 



Planning and proper management can be used to 

 minimize the deleterious effects that expansion in one 

 area of marine resource use might have on other areas. 

 For example, planners need to consider whether sewage 

 disposal in the marine environment, with the resulting 

 pathogens, sediments, toxic substances, and the like, 

 will jeopardize the use of that environment for fishing 

 and recreation. Then they can assess the trade-offs 

 between the two. Such conflicts have already arisen in 



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