Phillips. — 0)i the Volcanoes of the Pacific. 211 



Christensen and Sarsee, and through Mount Haddington, an 

 extinct volcano in Trinity Land, to Paulet and Bridgman 

 Islands' active volcanoes. The volcanic zone bends easterly 

 from here on account of the easterly trend in the fold, which 

 appears to make a loop towards South Georgia before it 

 swings back towards Cape Horn. That there is a real 

 easterly trend in the earth-fold at Trinity Land and the 

 South Shetlands is proved by the observations made by the 

 "Astrolabe" and " Zelee " expedition, which record a strike 

 in a north-north-east and south-south-west direction to the 

 greyish-white limestones and phyllite-schists at the South 

 Orkneys. Toward Cape Horn from near South Georgia the 

 fold probably trends west-north-westerly, then follows an 

 approximately meridional direction parallel with the chain of 

 the Andes. 



It may be noted, however, that, whereas the Erebus 

 chain of Victoria Land is on the east side of the fold, the 

 Christensen-Bridgman group are apparently on the opposite 

 side. This may be due to the fact that at the latter locality 

 the eastern slope of the fold is steeper than the western, as 

 seems probable from the presence of the deep ocean abyss 

 east of Graham Land, as shown on Dr. Murray's map. It 

 is probable, therefore, that the volcanic chain of Victoria 

 Land will continue tow^ards the south pole, probably bending 

 somewhat to the eastward, and will thence change its posi- 

 tion to the fold on the other side of the antarctic continent, 

 so as to run through the Christensen-Bridgman lines of vol- 

 canoes. In any case it is almost certain that high land, 

 covered, of course, more or less by snow and glaciers, will 

 be found at the south pole. 



The honour of being the first man to discover the antarctic 

 continent probably belongs to Captain James Cook, who, in 

 the year 1772, reached latitude 71° 10' S. in longitude 

 106° 54' W., where he sighted the great ice-barrier which 

 formed the seaward boundary of Antarctica. Speaking of 

 this discovery. Sir James Clark Ross says, "I confidently 

 believe that the enormous mass of ice which bounded his 

 view when at his exti'eme south latitude was a range of 

 mountainous land covered with snow." In 1819 William 

 Smith, in the brig " William," discovered the archipelago of 

 the South Shetlands, south of Cape Horn. In 1820-23 Wed- 

 dell visited the South Shetlands, including the active vol- 

 cano Bridgman. Powell, the discoverer of the South Orkneys, 

 visited the volcanic island of Bridgman in 1882, and found 

 it to be at that time 200 ft. high. Weddell, who visited it 

 during the following year, estimates its height at 400 ft., and 

 describes the island as being of sugar-loaf shape, whereas at 

 the time of Powell's visit there was a crater on the west side 



