23 (22) Juga prominent, black, and shiny, much thicker than in V erichsenii. frequently broadened into thick irregular 

 plates, especially at thallus margin; thallus usually grass green but darker in the sun and depigments rapidly in 

 shade or in storage; perithecia typically heniisphencal to globular with flattened tops but may become quite 

 irregular, angular, or dissected (Fig. 4.1); spores 8-10 x 4-6fim Vernicaihi siriciluhi 



Figure 43.— a. Vertical section of 

 perithecium. Scale is 0.1 mm. b. 

 Thallus of Verrucaria strialula. 

 Scale is 1 mm. 





ANNOTATED LIST OF SPECIES 



Where distributions were derived from the literature only, 

 author and date are given. All other specimens were examined by 

 the author Where such specimens were collected by others, the col- 

 lectors name is given followed by the identification of the herbar- 

 ium retaining the specimen. The remaining distnbutions are from 

 the authors collections. 



Genus Arthopyrenia 



Anhopyrenia halodytes (Nyl.) Am. Ber Bayer Bot. Ges. 1:122. 

 1891. Verrucaria luiloihles >iy\. Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg 

 5:212. 1857. 



DESCRIPTION: Thallus epilithic (siliceous rock), endolithic 

 (calcareous rock and shells), yellowish if epilithic, greyish or 

 blackish-brown if endolithic. Perithecium almost wholly immersed 

 in substrate or sessile with black hemispherical to broadly conical 

 involucrellum, 0.15 to 0.5 mm diameter, excipulum colorless to 

 pale brown. Spores eight perascus. ovoid, two-celled, one cell usu- 

 ally broader than the other. 9-20 x 4-7.5;(m. 



Sw inscow (1965) considered this to be the only littoral species 

 of the genus and treated A. sublitoralis (Leight.) Am.. A. foveolaia 

 A. L. Sm. and A. i^yaleaoidea Knowles as synonyms and reported 

 a range of 10-20 ■; 5-10/im in spore size. Richard C. Harris ( 1975) 

 treats this species as co. .a PyrenocoUemu. 



Anhopyrenia halodyles is often associated with shells or 

 calcareous rocks but may also be found on siliceous rock. 



GENERAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide on marine shores 

 (Santesson 1939:52-63). 



NORTHEASTERN AMERICAN DISTRIBUTION: NEW 

 JERSEY: Cape May Co. CONNECTICUT: New London Co. 

 RHODE ISLAND: Newport Co. MASSACHUSETTS: Barnstable 



Co.. Plymouth Co., Essex Co. MAINE: Cumberiand Co.. Sagada- 

 hoc Co., Hancock Co.. Washington Co. NOVA SCOTIA: Yar- 

 mouth Co., Digby Co., Halifax Co., Victoria Co., Cape Breton 

 Co. NEWFOUNDLAND: West Coast Section, Northern Penin- 

 sula Section. East Coast Section. Avalon Section. 



Genus Caloplaca 



All of the littoral species of Caloplaca collected belong to the 

 section Gasparrinia. 



Caloplaca marina (Wedd.) DuRietz, Method. Grund. Modern. 

 Pflanzensoziol. 170. 1921. Lecanora marina Wedd. Mem. Soc. 

 Sci. Nat. Sherbourg 19:275. 1875. 



DESCRIPTION: Thallus orange yellow to red orange, citnne in 

 shade, orbicular, irregular, or subeffuse, small convex lobes contig- 

 uous or. in center of thallus, minutely granular or tuberculate, whit- 

 ish prothallus sometimes visible. Apothecia reddish-orange, 

 0.5-1.0 mm diameter, plane to convex, margins entire or crenulate. 

 Spores ellipsoid, polarilocular, isthmus about 0.3 length of spore, 

 10-14 X 5-7,im. 



Wade (1965) found this species often associated with Caloplaca 

 tballincola and Verrucaria maura in the British Isles. Caloplaca 

 ihaliincola has not been collected, however, in the littoral zone of 

 North Amenca. The white hypothallus is seen in young growth 

 between the small subconvex lobules. 



GENERAL DISTRIBUTION: Norway, Sweden. Poland (Nor- 

 din 1972). Finland (Rasanen 1927). Germany (Enchsen 1957), 

 Novaya Zemyla (Lynge 1928), England (Ferry and Sheard 1969), 

 Wales (Fletcher 1973b), France (Werner MSC). 



NORTHEASTERN AMERICAN DISTRIBUTION: MAINE: 

 Cumberland Co., Hancock Co. NOVA SCOTIA: Yarmouth Co., 

 Digby Co., Shelburne Co., Halifax Co. NEWFOUNDLAND: 

 Northern Peninsula Section. 



15 



