Chapman. — On the Working of Greenstone. 515 



■way, uttering petitions for safety whenever the party reached any par- 

 ticular difficulty. On reaching the coast the tohunga performed certain 

 rehgious rites, and retired to rest alone, and in his dreams a spirit would 

 come and indicate the spot where a stone would be found. On waking, 

 he would summon his companions, and, spreading themselves along tlie 

 river-bed, they would proceed up stream till they reached the spot indi- 

 cated in the vision, when the stone was sure to be found, and received the 

 name of the spirit who revealed its position. This method of discovery is 

 still adopted ; and I have a piece of greenstone in my possession that is 

 known by my name, the finder, an old chief at Arahura, having found it 

 in a place indicated to him by my spirit during the visions of the night. 



Supplemental Answers by the Eev. J. W. Stack. 



Dear Sib,— Duvauchelle's Bay, 31st July, 1881. 



I have just received from an old Maori chief, Hakopa te Ata o 

 Tu, at Kaiapoi, the following replies to a translation of the questions 

 forwarded to me by Dr. von Haast. I attach great value to them, as 

 the writer is a very intelligent man, who occupied a leading position in 

 the j\Iaori community here at the time of Rauparaha's invasion. 



James W. Stack. 



1. I never saw the process of making hei-tiki being carried on here 

 (South Island) when I was a child. [Hakopa is at least eighty-three years 

 old. — J. W. S.] Hci-tihi were all made in the North Island. 



2. Obsidian and chips of hard stone, but no chisels, were used in 

 making hci-tiki. Very hard stone, obsidian, and a grindstone were the 

 tools used in shaping greenstone. 



3. People never prayed to hei-tiki. They were mementoes of de- 

 ceased ancestors, to remind their posterity. 



9. {a) HauUunga []iauhunga = lrosb, cool. — P. R. C] ; (b) kawakaiua ; 

 (c) inanga ; {d) kahurangi ; (e) tangiivai; (/) tnatakirikiri — greenstone 

 pebbles ; {g) aotea — a counterfeit greenstone, opaque ; often mistaken 

 when in the river-beds by the unskilful. 



10. Arahura, Waininihi, Hohonu (Taramakau), Piopiotahi, were the 

 streams in which greenstone was formerly found. 



14. When I see you I will tell you of the discovery of greenstone 

 [Already related above.] 



15. Some greenstone could not be broken by any other stone but 

 greenstone. 



Answ^ers op Dr. Shortland, formerly Native Secretary. 



1. The method of working is described in Shortland's " Southern 

 Districts of New Zealand" (London, Longmans, 1851). Holes are drilled 

 by a drill of native invention, the grinding apparatus being a sharp- 

 pointed stick of soft wood, sand (fine, and of a biting quality). The jMtii, 

 axe, implements, &c., were rubbed into form on slabs of sandstone. The 

 supply of water for such operations dripped through a small orifice in 

 some vessel conveniently placed. The liei-tiki was similarly fashioned 

 by rubbing with a pointed stick, sand, and water. [The above work by 

 my correspondent, Edward Shortland, M.A. Cantab, (a physician, who 

 was formerly Native Secretary, and is the author of several works on 

 New Zealand), is an admirable account of the state of the Maoris in 

 the South Island in 1842-43, before there was a single inhabitant 

 where the cities of Dunedin and Christchurch now stand. Visiting 

 Waikouaiti, Dr. Shortland says, " Here I saw for the first time on a large 

 scale the native method of grinding pounamu, or greenstone, from the 

 rough block into the desired shape. The house belongmg to the chief 

 Ivoroko was like a stonecutter's shop. He and another old man were 



