Chapman. — On the Working of Greenstone. 503 



dwellings. When he has cleared away the drifted sand he 

 finds by the presence of hearth-stones that he has reached the 

 floor. Below the level of this he may expect to find in one 

 spot a small collection of treasm'e. It looks as if there were 

 a receptacle under the sandy floor, which was probably 

 covered by a flax mat. The site of this receptacle may some- 

 times be detected by a slight discoloration in the sand. In 

 one he saw opened there were two beautifully-finished objects 

 of greenstone and several odd pieces, also several pieces of 

 hohotai, or haamatite, with the mullers used for crushing it, 

 and several sandstone rubbers. This represents the stock-in- 

 trade and tools of a greenstone-cutter, and also the material 

 and tools with which he made the red paint wath which, 

 mixed with shark's oil, he adorned his person. I have several 

 of these mullers, still red with the adhering paint, dug out in 

 this way, and I often find the pieces of soft red stone in the 

 camps. 



Uses of Greenstone. 



As to the uses to which greenstone implements were put, 

 there is evidence that they were used for all kinds of work ex- 

 cepting, perhaps, such rough work as cutting down trees and 

 hoeing ground. I have an adze weighing 51b. , suitable for finish- 

 ing the great slabs lashed on to the canoes to serve for top-sides. 

 These adzes are called kapu. The word for an axe is toki or 

 tokl uri. Large adzes of greenstone are rare. Very long 

 slender axes of the finest stone, formerly fitted with beautiful 

 handles, are also rare. The commonest tools are chisels or 

 small adzes, from 4in. to Sin. long and 2in. wide. These are 

 called i)anehe. Small chisels Sin. long and lin. wide are not 

 uncommon. Some are as small as lin. long and ^in. wide. 

 Mr. J. White has numerous very small chisels, while I have a 

 few of these, and many exactly similar implements in other 

 kinds of stone. His come from Murdering Beach ; mine from 

 Eoveaux Strait, where greenstone is apparently rarer. The 

 Eev. Mr. Stack tells me that when he came to New Zealand 

 forty years ago greenstone implements were still some- 

 times used in carving wood. He has seen a long narrow 

 2)Hru])uric or chisel so used in carving the woodwork of the 

 canoe-head. Drills of greenstone are frequently found, and as 

 they have to be of the hardest stone they are generally very 

 beautiful objects. They are not infrequently broken, but I 

 never find them bearing evidence of having been used to bore 

 holes in stone. I think they must have been used generally 

 for working wood and perhaps bone. The point of one kind 

 of implement is often shaped exactly like that of a gouge. 

 Though these are described as drills, they are probably gouges. 

 Another small tool is like a narrow-pointed chisel. In two 



