their vessel and gear will have a higher cost per ton of produc- 

 tion than the new vessels and gear, and they will also require to 

 change or go out of business. Theirs is a quite honest position 

 having regard to their short-term interest. It is only disadvan- 

 tageous when viewed from the standpoint of the nation's in- 

 terest in the use of the sea. This vigorous opposition is now 

 still being expressed step by step in testimony respecting the 

 applications for fishing vessel subsidies (Fishermen's News, Vol. 

 21, No. 5, March, 1965). 



Protecting the numerous small inefficient fishermen in their 

 ancient ways may appear to be sociologically gratifying and 

 politically sound, but it is a poor way to run a fish business, 

 and a poor way to run a society in these days of competition 

 in all fields among nations in a troubled world. It is not the 

 way we have done in agriculture. In that field the application 

 of science and technology to the task of lowering the cost per 

 ton of production has been forced to the point that there 

 never in history has been a society where so many have been 

 fed through the labor of so few. Despite all the carping about 

 agricultural policy, it has resulted in a magnificent food pro- 

 ducing apparatus which is the solid heart of our economy, and 

 which makes us strong among the nations. 



This and other similar moves toward efficiency in other 

 segments of the economy have not been uniformly blessed nor 

 agreed to by the recipients of the programs. Pockets of poverty 

 have been left behind as a result of this same resistance to 

 change, or inequities resulting unnoticed from governmental 

 actions taken, or simply the accidents of uneven growth and 

 competition. It is the purpose of the War on Poverty, and 

 the objective of the Great Society, to reduce these pockets of 

 poverty one by one, to the end that we will all move forward 

 tog 'ther as a prosperous people, thus making a strong and re- 

 solute nation. 



The War on Poverty and the Great Society do not attempt 

 to move by the general dole or the issue of bread to make the 

 poor happy. These means have been tried in history and 

 found wanting. The tactic now is to upgrade the poor sectors 

 of the society by education so that maximum talents can be 

 developed, to improve the infrastructure of equipment and ap- 

 paratus so that the more effective training can be more effi- 

 ciently used, and to remove the economic and social shackles that 

 have held these pockets in poverty — by carefully designed, 

 cautiously implemented activities aimed at making each in- 

 dividual in the pocket more competent to contribute to the best 

 of his native abilities to the welfare of himself and his family, 

 and thus to the national whole. 



In this process, the general conservative desire to remain 

 as our fathers were, and not to change, requires to be mitigated 

 in the national interest by some general improvement in the 

 efficiency of the individual units of the society so that the whole 

 society will remain strong and resilient. Automation brings 

 these problems to industry; machinery and improved breeds 

 of growing things have brought these problems to agriculture; 

 and if our fisheries are to become competitive they must also 

 yield to modern methodology, adopting all of the useful appli- 

 cations of science and technology that can be designed or 

 discovered. 



Only in this way can a progressive, moving society be created 

 that can survive in this harsh and competitive world. If 

 the individual will not move, then the society must move him, 

 because it cannot afford to support too great a load of inef- 

 ficiency, and it must move in order to survive. 



In the fisheries, the net effect of this fight against efficiency is 

 implemented at the state level because it is at that level where 

 our nation's fisheries are primarily regulated. 



State Fishery Research 



State legislatures, local authorities, local sportsmen's organi- 

 zations and local industry people and associations tend to place 

 their dependence upon the local state fisheries officials because 

 they are part of the local community and have a close relation- 

 ship to the local social conditions. 



State fishery officials quite naturally depend primarily upon 

 the scientific views of their own research laboratories. By and 

 large, the state fisheries laboratories are not as effective as 

 they might be from the standpoint of quality and quantity of 

 top ocean scientists, floating equipment, laboratories, modern 

 laboratory equipment and tools, and funds with which to 

 conduct research. None will testify to this more rapidly than 

 the directors of state fishery laboratories. 



The reason for this is simple. The enthusiasm for ocean 

 research which has grown over the past decade has passed 

 over the state fisheries laboratories. The big new money has 

 gone to the federal laboratories and to the academic institutions, 

 which were badly in need of this shot in the arm. 



The results, however, are that the new ships, the new labora- 

 tories, the glamorous ocean research projects, and the exciting 

 scientific progress is at the federal laboratories and the academic 

 institutions. Quite naturally, the bright young men go where 

 the opportunities are most interesting. This is beginning to 

 pay off in terms of general knowledge of the ocean and its 

 resources and, as Dr. Schaefer will tell us this afternoon, we seem 

 to be just on the threshold of whole new adventures in the use 

 of ocean resources, if we are able to develop the competence 

 to grasp the opportunities our own research is opening for 

 everyone. 



But the state apparatus has been left in the lurch by the 

 passing times and it is at this level that the problems occur 

 which generate the institutional barriers noted above, which 

 prevent us in so many cases from using the research results 

 to the nation's benefit. 



To use California examples again, competent research has 

 fully developed the knowledge that off southern California 

 there is a largely unused resource of anchovy that could stand 

 an annual cropping of at least a half million tons with no 

 strain. The information has come largely from federal and 

 academic research; but the laws and regulations governing the 

 use of the resource were generated on the state level. These 

 anchovy still go unused because of these laws and regulations. 

 The small boat fishery of southern California continues to go 

 downhill. The fishermen see little reason why they should sup- 

 port research if they cannot use the benefits from it. 



The same research has established the presence of about 3 



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