management of heavily exploited fisheries and this cannot be 

 debated. Obviously, if we can predict the large and small 

 runs in advance of the fishing season or trip with sufficient ac- 

 curacy, conservation regulations and commitment of funds and 

 labor can be tailored to the size of the runs. 



Dr. Schaefer's view, in summary, is that, with the proper 

 application of ocean science, fishing can be put on a more 

 efficient basis, leading from the hunting economy of the past 

 towards a system of fish husbandry in the future. 



The discussion by Mr. B. A. Parkes, a vessel operator from 

 Hull, England, was refreshing. The British have had a history 

 of long and successful experience fishing the eastern North 

 Atlantic with constant and intensive competition from their 

 neighbors in Europe. In addition, they have developed dis- 

 tant-water vessels to fish the North and Northwest Atlantic. 

 Thus, their experience is of great value to us, especially at this 

 time when many of us in North America are contemplating the 

 construction or reconstruction of major segments of our fishing 

 fleets, and what is more important, some of us are looking to 

 the North Atlantic. Unlike some of the preceding speakers, 

 Mr. Parkes sounds a word of warning with his discussion of 



the efforts of the British to develop the most efficient vessels 

 and more efficient gear in order to maintain their harvest from 

 the sea; he points out that the catch per unit of effort of the 

 trawlers has declined 30 to 40 percent in recent years despite 

 the improvement in ships and gear. One must recognize that 

 the British developments in fisheries in recent years have been 

 somewhat different from those in Japan and the Soviet Union. 

 The British, rather than develop new fishing grounds and new 

 fishing methods in other parts of the world, have tended to 

 remain on their well-known and established grounds, expending 

 their energies towards making their fishermen, vessels, and 

 equipment more efficient. In this respect, I consider them to 

 be perhaps the most advanced fishing nation in the world. 



Mr. Parkes has done us the great favor of discussing the de- 

 velopment of the distant-water trawlers of several types, in- 

 cluding stern-ramp trawlers — and he points out that there soon 

 will be 20 or 25 of these in operation. His discussion of the 

 experiments in icing, freezing, superchilling, and filleting 

 aboard these new vessels indicates quite clearly the systematic 

 efforts of the British industry to maintain a competitive posi- 

 tion on the North Atlantic fishing grounds and on the world 



Crew of BCF research vessel Albatross IV retrieves fishing gear off Georges Banks during experi- 

 mental fishing operations. Vessel has many new design features: stern trawling ramp, bow thrus- 

 ter to help control it on station, variable pitch propeller, active rudder, and closed circuit television. 

 TV shows operations on vessel and trawl and other gear. BCF has 20 vessels capable of oceano- 

 graphic and fisheries research. 



