Hedley. — An Enumeration of the Janellidae. 157 



m the order of their blood-relationship. A classification, to 

 be natural, should be founded upon the aggregate characters, 

 and the arrangement of the pulmonate Gasteropoda by their 

 jaws must be discarded, to share the fate of every such system 

 since the days of Linne. No more unnatural juxtaposition 

 was effected in classification by the jaw than that which sub- 

 ordinated the JanellidcB to the Succineidce. The only argu- 

 ment that justified this arrangement would logically include 

 the Cephalopoda, since they similarly possess an elasmogna- 

 thous jaw. That certainly is the only resemblance between 

 Succinea and Sepia, but it is also the only resemblance be- 

 tween Succinca and Ancitca. Indeed, the gap between Suc- 

 cinea and Ancitca appears to the writer to be wider far than 

 that between the former and either Helix or Zonites. It has 

 besides been pointed out by Semper (Eeis. im Philip., vol. hi., 

 p. 106) that the difference between an elasmognathous and an 

 holognathous jaw is more apparent than real, since an equiva- 

 lent to the quadrate plate, though not sufficiently solid to 

 resist the action of caustic potash, exists in all Helicidce,. 



Janella, Gray, 1850. 



Synonyms. — Athoracophus, Gould, 1852 ; Konophcra, Hut- 

 ton, 1878 ; noil Janella, Grateloup, 1838; Pscudancitea, 

 Cockerell, 1891. 



Descriptions. — Mrs. Gray's Figures of the Mollusca, 

 vol. iv., p. 112; United States Exploring Expedition, xii., 

 p. 1; Trans. N.Z. Inst., xiv., p. 158; Zeits. fur Zooh, xv., 

 p. 84, &c, Ac. 



Obs. — Fischer, whose lead in this matter has been gene- 

 rally followed, substitutes (Jouru. de Conch., vol. xvi., p. 228) 

 Atlwracophorus, Gould, 1852, for Janella, Gray, 1850, on the 

 plea that — (1) Janella was insufficiently characterized, (2) pub- 

 lished without a Latin diagnosis, and (3) that it was pre- 

 occupied in 1838 by Grateloup. The first objection may fairly 

 be met by considering that the figures published by Quoy and 

 Gaimard, to which Gray referred, would have been a sufficient 

 foundation for the genus without further explanation. The 

 second obstacle to the recognition of Janella has no weight 

 with naturalists of the present generation. The third diffi- 

 culty is overcome by Fischer himself, who relegates Janella, 

 Grateloup (Conchyl. foss. du Bassin de l'Adour, 4 e memoire, 

 p. 12) to the synonymy of Niso, Eisso. ::: To such cases apply 

 Eule X. of the Kules for Zoologic.il Nomenclature, adopted by 

 the British Association, sometimes called the Stricklandian 

 Code, which runs as follows : " A name should be changed 



See also E. von Martens, Critical List of the Mollusca of Now 

 Zealand, 1873, p. 14. 



