rate targets specified in chapters of the national 

 plan, but are organized differently in relation to 

 the character of the R&D in the hierarchy. In the 

 Academy and university systems, the program or pro- 

 ject is the centerpiece of the plan, with most indi- 

 cators concerned with measures of inputs (e.g., wage 

 funds) and the scheduling of work. Emphasis is also 

 placed on specifying the ultimate user of results, 

 and calculations of economic return are required 

 where possible. Plans in industrial ministries are 

 oriented to the application and introduction of R&D 

 results. Branch plans contain divisions that corre- 

 spond to and derive from the macro state plan divi- 

 sions for the assimilation of production of new types 

 of products and the introduction of new processes. 

 There are also divisions for improving the stock of 

 equipment, the organization of production, and the 

 quality of output. The annual plans of the branch 

 ministries also include a special division for sci- 

 entific research and test-design, which lists the R&D 

 assignments under the special programs for solving 

 the basic S&T problems. 



At the performer level in the hierarchy, the struc- 

 ture and content of plans correspond to the orienta- 

 tion of the superior organization's plan and the char- 

 acter of R&D activity. Independent research and de- 

 sign facilities draft five-year and annual "thematic" 

 or project plans in which the central object is the 

 research project. Nolting observes, "There are no 

 standard methods and forms for drawing up project 

 plans among scientific organizations that are under 

 different ministries and perform different kinds of 

 work, but there is a basic procedure and set of re- 

 quirements. "131 in general, project plans have two 

 main sections: one for R&D conducted within the fa- 

 cility, the other for assimilation of finished R&D to 

 be transferred to the appropriate production organi- 

 zations with the advice and assistance of the scien- 

 tific facility. 132 Information in the yearly pro- 

 jects plan includes the following: the general vol- 

 ume of scientific research and experimental design 

 work for the plan year; the expected economic return; 

 the periods for completion of work on each project; 



157 



