agencies with conflicting jurisdictions and interests. 

 Though formal control existed at the all-Union level, 

 there was no effective coordination of policy at the 

 center. Basically, there were four main organiza- 

 tional actors in science and technology policy: the 

 USSR Academy of Sciences, the State Planning Commit- 

 tee, the industrial commissariats or ministries, and 

 the commissariats or ministries of education. Of these 

 four the most important was the Academy. While indus- 

 trial R&D was formally coordinated by the State Plan- 

 ning Committee, each ministry in reality looked after 

 its own research needs until 1957 when the minister- 

 ial system was substantially reorganized. " 



Thus, national science planning and policy as such 

 is as much a postwar phenomenon in the USSR as it is 

 in the United States. The development of science and 

 technology began to be planned on a general state ba- 

 sis rather than on the level of separate institutions 

 only in 1949, when an annual plan for the introduc- 

 tion of new technology was formulated for the first 

 time. 13 Only in 1956, however, did the plans begin 

 to include assignments for scientific research. Sec- 

 tions on the financing of research and on the provi- 

 sion of materials and equipment were not added to the 

 plans for science and technology until 1962. Also at 

 this time plans for training scientific manpower be- 

 gan to be compiled. In 1967, for the first time, tar- 

 gets for the application of computer technology and 

 management information systems were included in the 

 annual plan for S&T. The following year the All- 

 Union Scientific and Technical Information Center 

 began recording all research projects in the country. 

 Efforts to develop a comprehensive plan for nation- 

 wide technical standards did not start until 1971. 

 The state registration of all experimental design 

 projects did not begin until 1973. 



Moreover, the planning of science remained con- 

 fined to a one year time frame until the mid-1960s. 

 In 1966, for the first time, a list of 250-odd prior- 

 ity R&D problems was drawn up and included in the 

 five year macroeconomic development plan. Only toward 

 the end of the 1960s did systematic long-range (10/15 



