INTRODUCTION 



Beginning in 1972 the Governments of the United 

 States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist 

 Republics signed a series of bilateral agreements 

 for cooperation in various areas of science and 

 technology, of which there are now eleven in number. 

 The senior of these, the Agreement on Cooperation in 

 Fields of Science and Technology, was signed by 

 President Nixon and General Secretary Brezhnev in 

 May 1972 and is implemented through a U.S.-U.S.S.R. 

 Joint Commission on Scientific and Technical Cooper- 

 ation, chaired on the U.S. Side by the President's 

 Science and Technology Advisor. One of the twelve 

 active Working Groups carrying out cooperative 

 research under the Joint Commission is in the area 

 of Science Policy, which in turn focuses on two major 

 areas of mutual interest: the Planning and Manage- 

 ment of Research and Development, and Fundamental 

 Research Systems. 



The present two-volume study, Science Policy: 

 USA/USSR , prepared by members of the U.S. side of 

 the working group, is based on the first phase of 

 work in Science Policy by the group concerned with 

 R&D Planning and Management, which lasted from 

 approximately 1973 to 1977. The goal of this phase 

 was to build a base of information which could then 

 serve to orient U.S. participants to more discrete 

 and sophisticated analyses of the policy-making sys- 

 tems in the respective countries concerned with 

 scientific and technical research; the principal 

 mode of operation during this phase was exchange of 

 visits, written information, reports, and specific 

 questions and answers between the U.S. and Soviet 

 members of the group. It became quickly apparent, 

 although not to anyone's great surprise, that there 



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