In general, the focus of Soviet S&T policy in the 

 1970s centered largely on how to improve these two 

 guidance systems. As regards the supplementary ma- 

 chinery, some elements are still lacking. Among them 

 are effective procedures and organizational solutions 

 for creating and applying new technology that involves 

 the joint cooperation of multiple ministries and agen- 

 cies. Second, some elements of the supplementary sys- 

 tem, such as the policy of pricing new technology, 

 need to be improved. Third, the separate parts of 

 this system are not well coordinated. Finally, the 

 supplementary system for scientific research, devel- 

 opment, and innovation needs to be better integrated 

 with the general system of economic planning and man- 

 agement. Controversies abound over how to solve 

 these problems. 24 As yet, no grand systems solution 

 has been found, though the search goes on. We can be 

 sure, then, that these issues will continue to occupy 

 a prominent place on the Kremlin's S&T agenda for the 

 1980s (see chapter 12) . 



In sum, these are some of the basic features and 

 underlying traditions of the contemporary science and 

 technology establishment in the USSR. An awareness 

 of them adds to our understanding of particular So- 

 viet patterns and problems of organizing, planning, 

 and managing R&D, which are discussed in more detail 

 in the following pages. 



14 



