8. Graham, "The Development of Science Policy in 

 the Soviet Union," pp. 38-41. 



9. Ibid ., pp. 12-13, 22-23. 



10. Ibid. , pp. 23-24, 27-29. 



11. E. Zaleski, J. P. Kozlowski, H. Wiennert, R. W. 

 Davies, M. J. Berry, and R. Amann, Science Policy in 

 USSR (Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation 

 and Development, 1969), p. 25. 



12. Graham, "The Development of Science Policy in 

 the Soviet Union," pp. 29-30. 



13. Prior to this time, the USSR and republic state 

 planning committees and the USSR and republic acade- 

 mies of sciences did little more than tabulate re- 

 search plans submitted by performing institutions. 

 They made no effort to pass on priorities, to coordi- 

 nate the plans and to eliminate duplication, or to 

 link them to national and branch plans for industrial 

 production and capital investment. Before 1949 no 

 consolidated plan sections for R&D existed in the gen- 

 eral annual and five year plans for development of the 

 national economy. Though expansion of production fa- 

 cilities entailed planning new technology, most of the 

 technology was acquired from abroad and the planning 

 was submerged in the production plans of branches and 

 enterprises. See Louvan E. Nolting, The Planning of 

 Research, Development, and Innovation in U.S.S.R , 

 U.S. Department of Commerce, Foreign Economic Reports, 

 No. 14 (Washington, D.C., 1978), p. 7. 



14. D. M. Gvishiani, "Centralized Management of Sci- 

 ence: Advantages and Problems," Impact of Science on 

 Society , XXII (January- June 1972), p. 97. 



15. D. Gvishiani, "The Scientific and Technological 

 Revolution and Scientific Problems," Social Sciences 

 (Moscow), I (7) (1972), p. 47. 



16. Pravda , July 3, 1977. 



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