17. Hutchings, Soviet Science, Technology, Design , 

 pp. 4-5. See also Ronald Amann, "The Soviet Research 

 and Development System: The Pressures of Academic tra- 

 dition and Rapid Industrialization," Minerva , VIII 

 (1970), pp. 221-224. 



18. Pravda, March 31, 1971. 



19. For the best discussion of the problems of in- 

 novation, see Joseph Berliner, The Innovation Decision 

 in Soviet Industry (Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT 

 Press, 1976). 



20. Graham, "The Development of Science Policy in 

 the Soviet Union," pp. 25-27. See also his excellent 

 essay, "The Formation of Soviet Research Institutes: 

 A Combination of Revolutionary Innovation and Inter- 

 national Borrowing," Social Studies of Science , No. 5 

 (1975), pp. 303-329. 



21. L. S. Blyakhman and A. F. Ivanov, "Nauchno-pro- 

 izvodstvennoye obedineniye kak forma sistemnoi organ- 

 izatsii tsikla issledovaniye-proizvodstvo," Izvestiya 

 Akademii nauk SSSR , seriya ekonomicheskaya, 6 (1971), 

 p. 39. 



22. V. G. Afanasyev, Nauchno-tekhnicheskaya revolyu- 

 tsiya, upravleniye, obrazovaniye (Moscow: Politizdat, 

 1972), pp. 26-27, 312-313. 



23. See the discussion by Hutchings, Soviet Science , 

 Technology, Design , pp. 9-11 and the three volume 

 study by Anthony C. Sutton, Western Technology and So- 

 viet Economic Development, 1930-1965 (Stanford: Hoover 

 Institution Press, 1971-1973). 



24. On these two guidance systems, see G. Kh. Popov, 

 Effektivnoye upravleniye (Moscow: Ekonomika, 1976) , 

 pp. 128-136. 



17 



