Growing appreciation of the critical role of man- 

 agement, in turn, has brought enhanced awareness of 

 the need for more effective R&D administration. So- 

 brovin says frankly, "Let us build a modern system of 

 management of technical progress. If we do not do 

 this, we will accomplish nothing. "°1 Stating what 

 has since become a slogan of the times, Brezhnev de- 

 clared in June 1970 that "the science of victory in 

 building communism is in essence the science of man- 

 agement." The linchpins of his grand strategy have 

 become the "management of science" and the "science 

 of management . " 



A critical "management gap" therefore is an inte- 

 gral part of the perceived "technology gap" in the 

 USSR. Soviet authorities have come to recognize more 

 and more that the existing technology of management 

 is increasingly inadequate in coping with modern R&D 

 problems. Innovations in planning, organizing, and 

 controlling activities have lagged along with advanc- 

 es in technological hardware. There exists a new 

 level of awareness of the need to develop and to ap- 

 ply modern dec is ion -making techniques and management 

 attitudes toward S&T policy. Indeed underlying these 

 concerns, it seems, is the idea that perhaps the fast- 

 est and most effective means of overcoming Russia's 

 technological backwardness in modern hardware is 

 through a great leap forward in "software" and man- 

 agement know-how . 



Again, as in organization and planning, the major 

 problems in management lie in the fragmentation of 

 R&D decision making and administration. This results 

 in poor direction and integration of effort — the 

 heart of management functions. Integrative capabil- 

 ities are, moreover, becoming increasingly important 

 in S&T policy. "The problem of ensuring continuity 

 of the process at every stage of R&D, including the 

 introduction of results into mass production," writes 

 Gvishiani, "is now being brought to the fore as the 

 most complex organizational task. It is absolutely ob- 

 vious that this process requires integrated manage- 

 ment." Professor G. Kh. Popov, Dean of the Economics 



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