have become the key terms of the debate. They point 

 clearly to the major interface difficulties and de- 

 ficiencies that underlie such an approach in general 

 and the Soviet R&D system in particular. Behind So- 

 viet thought and action is the hope that "the holes 

 in the whole" can be filled and more effective cou- 

 pling can be achieved in the creation and application 

 of new technology. 



INTEGRATING SCIENCE POLICY AND ECONOMIC POLICY 



An implicit feature of Soviet thought in the 1970s 

 was the movement towards a broader concept of science 

 policy and the closer integration of R&D with the to- 

 tality of domestic and foreign policy. Traditional- 

 ly, scientific R&D has been conceived apart from the 

 wider political and economic context rather than as 

 an organic part of it. In fact, science has often 

 been viewed more as an appendage of social and cul- 

 tural policy than as an aspect of economic policy. 

 Increasingly, however, attention is being given to 

 its status as a direct force of production and key 

 source of economic growth in the era of the STR. The 

 focus is on relating S&T to a much broader range of 

 national aims and activities, on the role of R&D in 

 solving contemporary economic and social problems . 



In line with this more strategic approach is the 

 emphasis on external rather than internal criteria 

 in science policy. By the end of the 1960s Gvishiani 

 had sounded the new line. He noted that R&D planning 

 and management was no longer simply a question of the 

 rational planning of science expenditures, of the 

 training of scientific manpower, of the allocation of 

 resources, or of the supply of scientific instruments, 

 "The issue is broader and deeper," the deputy chair- 

 man of the GKNT affirmed, 



It is about the future, about the long-term 

 development of socialist countries, about 

 the very fate of the world and of socialism. 



255 



