Sheinin also notes that many R&D institutions "con- 

 tinue to exist largely by inertia, become preoccupied 

 with far fetched or secondary problems, and avoid new 

 directions and new questions, becoming ends in them- 

 selves. "37 



Two major organizational deficiencies in science 

 and technology come in for particular criticism. The 

 first is the relative rigidity and bureaucratic char- 

 acter of R&D institutions. E. I. Gavrilov faults 

 these organizations for "their slow response to chang- 

 ing goals, tasks, and projects, their incapacity for 

 extensive integration and cooperation, and their in- 

 effectiveness in resolving scientific and production 

 tasks." V. N. Arkhangelsky sees the main weaknesses 

 of R&D structures as their "static quality" and "or- 

 ganizational exclusiveness." In the same vein, Mi- 

 kulinsky writes, "New lines of research find it ever 

 harder to find their place within the framework of 

 established collectives and crystallized organiza- 

 tional forms." Gvishiani, too, speaks about science 

 having "a surplus of stability and in some instances 

 even of conservatism." One of the main demands be- 

 ing made on science, he stresses, "is that it should 

 become much more flexible and mobile and capable of 

 much easier and faster reorganization and even of to- 

 tal restructuring, when the need arises. "3° 



At the same time, organizational change is recog- 

 nized as being a formidable task. Gvishiani himself 

 admits, "It is extremely hard to recast the structure 

 of a scientific establishment that has taken decades 

 to shape." In practice, it is easier to create a new 

 R&D facility than to transform an old one. This op- 

 tion, however, which has been frequently used, is 

 less viable today given the constraints on resources 

 and need for intensive development of both science 

 and industry. Moreover, restructuring involves build- 

 ing organizations that are not only more fluid but al- 

 so both flexible and stable. Yet finding the right 

 blend of adaptability and stability is the "main dif- 

 ficulty" in the organization of Soviet S&T today, 

 Gvishiani emphasizes. * The deputy chairman of the 

 GKNT and others also acknowledge that the major prob- 



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