estimated costs; the sources of financing; the ra- 

 tionale for including the work in the plan; and the 

 designation of the industrial enterprise to receive 

 the R&D results for application. ^-* The emphasis on 

 defining ultimate uses is apparent and is to some ex- 

 tent a new element , at least in degree . Along with 

 the thematic plan, a "calendar" plan is developed 

 which schedules work by stages and designates per- 

 formers and inputs. 



In the production enterprise, the "plan for in- 

 creasing the efficiency of production" or, as it is 

 generally called, "the new technology plan" carries 

 through the applied orientation reflected in the min- 

 istry's plan. In the past, five-year plans of this 

 sort were drawn up only in the larger enterprises or 

 production associations. With the Tenth Five Year 

 Plan, however, they have apparently become mandatory 

 for all enterprises. 134 The annual enterprise new 

 technology plan, which has been a basic feature of 

 Soviet planning since the late 1920s, is drafted in 

 minute detail and contains the following subdivi- 

 sions: 



1. Assimilation of new types of products and im- 

 provement of the quality of production 



2. Introduction of advanced technological proces- 

 ses and mechanization and automation of pro- 

 duction 



3. Introduction of scientific organization of 

 labor 



4. Improvement of the organization, planning, and 

 management of production 



5. Scientific research and experimental design 



6. Basic indicators of the technical and economic 

 level of production and output 



7. Protection of the environment and rational use 

 of material resources. 135 



158 



