17. M. G. Kolodnyy and A. P. Stepanov, Planiro- 

 vaniye narodnogo khozyaystva SSSR (Kiev, 1975), p. 90. 



18. Valuyev et al, "Unique Characteristics of the 

 Financing of Science in the USSR," (Russian text), 

 p. 43. 



19. "Official" science expenditures in the USSR 



do not include outlays on (1) R&D performed by enter- 

 prise scientific subdivisions in most ministries; (2) 

 development and testing of "industrial" prototypes 

 under factory conditions; (3) scientific and techni- 

 cal assistance to and collaboration with enterprises 

 by branch, academy, and VUZ scientific organizations; 

 (4) R&D financed under special innovation funds in 

 industry or under capital investments in economic 

 branches; (5) the portion of VUZy R&D financed under 

 the specific budgetary allocation for VUZy; and (6) 

 probably some categories of military and space R&D. 

 See Louvan Nolting, The Financing of Research, Devel- 

 opment, and Innovation in the USSR, by Type of Insti- 

 tutional Performer , pp. 2-3. 



20. Nolting notes that "These investments are not 

 confirmed or allocated specifically as investments in 

 science, but rather as investments attributed to per- 

 tinent economic branches, although the investments 

 are monitored and audited by the State Committee for 

 Science and Technology*" See ibid . , p. 26. 



21. Ibid. , pp. 17-19. 



22. "Unique Characteristics of the Financing of 

 Science in the USSR," p. 48. 



23. V. I. Kushlin, Uskoreniye vnedreniya nauchnykh 

 dostizheniy v proizvodstvo (Moscow: Ekonomika, 1977), 

 p. 138. 



24. Gvishiani, "Centralized Management of Science: 

 Advantages and Problems," p. 77. 



25. Helgard Wienert, "The Organization and Planning 

 of Research in the Academy System," in Zaleski et al, 



166 





