institute attached to an industrial branch ministry. 

 In general, the structural format of an Academy in- 

 stitute is less complex than that of a branch insti- 

 tute. The Academy system as a whole, in fact, is 

 less bureaucratically organized and run than the R&D 

 subsystem of the ministries. 



Design Bureaus 



Design and development engineering tasks are car- 

 ried out by organizations known as design bureaus or 

 institutes. The design bureaus range in size from 

 small groups within production enterprises to large 

 independent organizations of several hundred design 

 engineers and technologists known as experimental 

 plants. While some design facilities limit their 

 work to designing new products and machines, others 

 build and test prototypes as well. Still other or- 

 ganizations are primarily engaged in process design- 

 ing, or designing of machinery and installations, 

 and development of processes for the manufacture of 

 new products or the modernization of production. 

 They are variously titled design-technological bu- 

 reaus, project-design and technological bureaus, or 

 scientific research project-technological institutes, 

 In addition, there are so-called project institutes 

 that specialize in the designing and planning of new 

 plants or renovation of old enterprises. Although 

 scientific research is conducted at design bureaus, 

 it is of secondary importance to work on product and 

 process development and the building of prototypes. 

 Some design bureaus, however, do extensive industri- 

 al research and are often indistinguishable from 

 research institutes .26 



Higher Educational Institutions 



Most educational institutions conduct research of 

 some kind. These include (1) comprehensive univer- 

 sities, such as Moscow State University, where a 

 broad curriculum of natural sciences and humanities 

 is offered; (2) higher schools such as the Bauman 

 Moscow Higher Technical School and the polytechnic 

 institutes, where a variety of engineering courses 



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