not only from each other but from the world of pro- 

 duction as well. In short, structural features help 

 create and reinforce functional autonomy and nonin- 

 tegrative attitudes throughout the Soviet R&D commu- 

 nity. 



The following sections present the composition and 

 organization of these three hierarchical subsystems, 

 and briefly describe the R&D planning and management 

 functions undertaken by the central management organ. 

 The structure and functions of a typical industrial 

 ministry are also outlined. 



Academies of Sciences 



The academies of sciences are prestigious organi- 

 zations composed of scientists and engineers who are 

 selected for membership in recognition of their pro- 

 fessional competence and achievement. There are 

 three types of academies — the all-union academy, re- 

 public academies, and branch academies. Subordinate 

 to each academy are a number of institutes, labora- 

 tories, observatories, experimental stations, librar- 

 ies, museums, and research ships. Most are organized 

 around scientific or technical disciplines. As a 

 rule, academy institutes tend to concentrate on fun- 

 damental research and generally constitute the lead- 

 ing Soviet facility in the particular scientific 

 field. 



This scientific leadership is particularly true of 

 the facilities of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The 

 internal organization of this Academy is illustrated 

 in Figure 9-6. All full and corresponding members 

 constitute the General Assembly of the Academy. Be- 

 tween sessions of the General Assembly, a Presidium 

 consisting of elected full members of the Academy 

 (Academicians) administers the Academy's affairs. The 

 Presidium supervises 16 discipline-oriented divi- 

 sions. These divisions oversee the activities of the 

 Academy's research institutions. Between sessions of 

 the Assembly, each Division is run by a Bureau headed 

 by the Scientific-Secretary of the Division. Members 

 of the Bureaus and the directors of research insti- 



47 



