research institutes do only design or 

 prototype work and no research, others 

 do only research and no development, 

 some research institutes concentrate 

 almost entirely on experimental testing 

 or assisting industrial plants in in- 

 novation, and many design agencies have 

 large research subdivisions, some of 

 them operating primarily as research or- 

 ganizations. 24 



At the same time, S&T activity is becoming stead- 

 ily integrated with industrial production. Organi- 

 zational dissociation of functional performers is in- 

 creasingly giving way to new, more integrated struc- 

 tures, like the associations. The whole organiza- 

 tional edifice, particularly at the lower levels, is 

 in motion. This point should be kept in mind when 

 reading the following descriptions of the basic units 

 performing R&D. 



Research Institutes 



Basic and applied scientific research and a number 

 of design tasks are accomplished at institutes under 

 academies of sciences, MinVUZ, and the branch minis- 

 tries. While some institutes are quite small with no 

 more than 40 to 50 persons, others are major research 

 organizations with several hundred, or even thou- 

 sands, of scientists and engineers. Institutes vary 

 widely in the presence or absence of design, techni- 

 cal drafting, and testing facilities. Some research 

 institutes are "broad-profile," engaging in all stag- 

 es of R&D, and others are "specialized," limited to 

 applied research, to development, or to testing pro- 

 totypes. Some also act as "head" institutes deter- 

 mining technical policies and research assignments 

 for a group of institutes, and others operate inde- 

 pendently or subordinately. 



The internal structure of a typical research in- 

 stitute of the Academy of Sciences is depicted in 

 Figure 9-9. Similarly, Figure 9-10 provides an over- 

 view of the organizational structure of a research 



65 



