17. Ibid . , p. 7. 



18. Louvan E. Nolting, The Financing of Research, 

 Development, and Innovation in the USSR, By Type of 

 Performer , U.S. Department of Commerce, Foreign Eco- 

 nomic Reports, No. 9 (Washington, D.C., 1976), pp. 3-4. 



19. A. I. Shcherbakov, Sotsialno-ekonomicheskiye 

 problemy ef fektivnosti nauchnogo truda (Novosibirsk, 

 1975), p. 48. 



20. V. I. Duzhenkov, "Problemy territorialnoy organ- 

 izatsii nauchnoy deyatelnosti," in Problemy deyatel- 

 nosti uchenogo i nauchnykh kollektivov (Moscow-Lenin- 

 grad, 1977), VI, pp. 48-49. 



21. "USSR Short Answers," pp. 42-45. 



22. I. D. Ivanov, "Preodoleniye prepyatsviy i stimu- 

 lirovaniye pri vnedrenii novoy tekhniki i novykh me- 

 todov upravleniya" (Overcoming Obstacles and Improving 

 Incentives in the Introduction of New Technology and 

 New Methods of Management"), p. 20. Soviet Side of 

 the Joint US-USSR Subgroup on Planning and Management 

 of Research and Development. Unpublished (draft) pa- 

 per, 1976; V. G. Shorin and A. A. Popova, "Organiza- 

 tsiya nauchnoy raboty v vuzakh," in Gvishiani et al, 

 Osnovnyye printsipy i obshchiye problemy upravleniya 

 naukoy , p. 200. 



23. Ibid. , pp. 203-204; Nolting, The Financing of- 

 Research, Development, and Innovation in the USSR , 

 pp. 13-14. 



24. Ibid. , p. 8. 



25. Ibid . 



26. Ibid. , pp. 8-9; Zaleski et al, Science Policy 

 in the USSR , pp. 406-408, 541-546. 



27. "Shorin and Popova, "Organizatsiya nauchnoy ra- 

 boty v vuzakh," p. 203. 



28. Nolting, The Financing of Research, Develop- 

 ment, and Innovation in the USSR, pp. 14-15. 



82 



