89. M. P. Ring, "Problemnoye upravleniye v nauke: 

 pravovyye aspekty," Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSSR , 7 

 (1976), pp. 15-16, 18. 



90. G. Kh. Popov, Effektivnoye upravleniye , pp. 24- 

 25. 



91. Disson, "Primeneniye programmno-tselevogo me- 

 toda," p. 75. 



92. See the discussion in Ronald Amann, Julian Coop- j 

 er, and R. W. Davies, eds., The Technological Level of 

 Soviet Industry (New Haven and London: Yale University 

 Press, 1976), pp. 61-62. 



93. Ibid. , pp. 52-58. 



94. Ibid. , p. 62 



95. Nolting, The Planning of Research, Development , 

 and Innovation , p . 6 . 



96. Amann et al, op. cit . , pp. 62-63. 



97. Zaleski et al, Science Policy in the USSR , 

 p. 82. 



98. Nolting, The Planning of Research, Development , 

 and Innovation in the USSR , p . 16 . 



99. This discussion of the role of "basic directions' 

 draws on the excellent study by John Young and Andrew 

 Hull, Main Directions as an Instrument in the Plan- 

 ning and Management of Soviet Science Policy , Battelle 

 Columbus Laboratories (Columbus, Ohio, 1976). 



100. Ibid. , p. 7. 



101. Pravda, October 8, 1975. 



102. "USSR Short Answers," p. 96. 



103. Zaleski et al, Science Policy in the USSR , 

 p. 466. 



172 



