The most ambitious research complex is the 

 one that has grown up in the Academic City 

 of Novosibirsk, which is taking on some of 

 the characteristics of the research-based 

 industrial clusters around Boston, Palo 

 Alto, and Houston. 16 



The Academic City at Novosibirsk incorporates predom- 

 inantly Academy facilities of different departments, 

 some of which have developed close ties with branch 

 design bureaus and pilot plant facilities. Science- 

 production centers are also planned to be built around 

 institutes of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences in 

 chemistry, chemical technology, and the physics of 

 semi-conductors. Similarly, in Kurgan the recent for- 

 mation and expansion of facilities of four ministries 

 concerned with ground vehicles, including automotive, 

 agricultural, railroad, and construction equipment, 

 reflect this enhanced belief in industrial "cross 

 fertilization." Bureaucratic barriers, rooted in and 

 reinforced by the organizational and spatial separa- 

 tion of R&D performers, are increasingly recognized 

 as harmful. 



The structure of the Soviet R&D establishment is 

 thus influenced first by the nature of the activity 

 in question. Beyond this, organizational structures 

 tend to permit little flexibility compared to Western 

 standards. Extreme specialization of activity and 

 vertical lines of command are the norm. Basically, 

 the research-to-production cycle has been broken up 

 in time, task, and territory. Recent developments of 

 particular interest are the closer organizational ties 

 between research and production in the "association" 

 unit and the development of research complexes char- 

 acterized by geographic collocation. 



CONDUCT OF R&D 



Execution of R&D plans depends on acceptable cri- 

 teria of fulfillment. While production targets may 

 be measured by tons, units, rubles, or other physical 



184 



