of special awards has been set up. Thus, 100 bonuses 

 have been established for the solution of the most 

 important problems in chemistry (25,000 to 150,000 

 rubles) ; 15 bonuses for putting into production new 

 models of tractors, agricultural and land reclamation 

 machines, etc. 27 Finally, in each independent R&D 

 organization, a bonus fund is provided for the "suc- 

 cessful solution of scientific problems." The size 

 of the fund is equal to 2-3 percent of the establish- 

 ment's total wage fund, and is allotted by the man- 

 agement of the establishment for high quality work, 

 for projects completed on or ahead of schedule, and 

 for R&D results that find practical application. Man- 

 agement also may tie a portion of the fund to espe- 

 cially important projects. 2° 



While monetary incentive programs are important 

 economic levers, Soviet authorities also put consid- 

 erable stock in "moral" incentives, which include a 

 wide range of prizes, awards, commendations, medals, 

 and special titles. Of course, several material in- 

 centive programs, particularly the prizes, carry with 

 them important public and professional recognition 

 and commendation. Individuals who are actively en- 

 gaged in S&T developments are awarded honorary ti- 

 tles, such as "meritorious inventor" and "meritori- 

 ous efficiency expert," and they are given some priv- 

 ileges in getting apartments, vacations and travel, 

 etc. Individuals who distinguish themselves in some 

 special way earn the prestigious title of "Hero of 

 Socialist Labor." S&T achievements may also be pre- 

 requisites for promotion of specialists and bestowing 

 of scientific degrees and titles. It is equally ap- 

 parent that moral incentives have an indirect, al- 

 though possibly belated, material incentive content. 



Each of these elements of the incentive programs 

 for R&D personnel is more or less independent of the 

 ultimate application or use of R&D results. Intro- 

 duction or utilization of results is stipulated as an 

 important reason for bonuses under each of the incen- 

 tive mechanisms, but it is generally not an absolute 

 requirement . 



194 





