opment engineering, testing, and introduction as well 

 as the associated process, equipment, and tooling re- 

 quirements. 



An example of the YESTPP system as envisioned for 

 the automobile industry is depicted in Figure 11-2. 

 Subsumed under each activity are instructions regula- 

 ting its conduct. As may be seen, the system is par- 

 ticularly advantageous in permitting parallel work on 

 separate design and development stages. This is es- 

 pecially important in the mass production of a com- 

 plex product where the development of process tech- 

 nology may be extensive and time consuming. Numerous 

 Soviet statements indicate that YESTPP and other sys- 

 tems approaches have reduced significantly the lead 

 time required for innovation. 



In general, these efforts seek to alter the tradi- 

 tional perspectives and motivational bases of Soviet 

 design engineers and developers of new technology. 

 Designers have tended to use heavy metals and rein- 

 forced concrete articles that are expensive because 

 they are profitable for those creating new devices 

 and erecting new installations since they are evalua- 

 ted in terms of the cost of structures and models. In 

 addition, designers of new technology are also paid 

 more if their blueprints are "original" and require 

 nonstandard equipment. Thus, it has not been advan- 

 tageous for design organizations to include in their 

 drawings and models standard parts and components for 

 this reduces the cost of designs and subsequently 

 their bonuses. It is these practices and procedures 

 that account for the great volume of unique and small 

 batch production in the USSR, especially in machine- 

 building and instrument -making. 33 



Organizational Developments 



Organizational measures designed to facilitate the 

 implementation of R&D results include manipulation of 

 the internal make-up of the basic operating units and 

 the creation of entirely new types of organizations. 

 These measures are premised on the plausible belief 

 that applied R&D personnel and facilities will better 

 serve the interests of production if they are brought 



203 



