advances in science rather than to the application 

 of existing knowledge and achievements. This causes 

 one analyst to complain: 



The system of managing S&T progress is con- 

 centrated on the means for achieving goals 

 and not on the goals themselves, for the 

 sake of which new technology is being de- 

 veloped and introduced. Thus, the plan is 

 drafted and accounting is conducted not ac- 

 cording to the results of technical progress 

 but only in terms of the means for achieving 

 them. 16 



Research and production continue to coexist as large- 

 ly autonomous worlds. "Basic economic activity" is 

 still generally planned separately from "technical 

 progress." The whole research-production cycle is 

 not yet unified. Above all, views continue to dif- 

 fer over how to achieve the interfacing of science 

 and industry. 



SWITCHING TO AN INTENSIVE GROWTH STRATEGY 

 FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 



Another major theme of the 1970s was, to use Do- 

 brov's words, "the shift in emphasis in national sci- 

 ence policy from a quantitative to a qualitative ap- 

 proach. "17 Since 1955 the number of scientists in 

 the USSR has doubled nearly every five years, growing 

 six times faster than the country's total work force. 

 Official expenditures on science have also expanded 

 at the same rapid pace, climbing from 1.7 billion ru- 

 bles in 1955 to 17.5 billion 20 years later. Accord- 

 ing to Soviet estimates, if these high growth rates 

 are sustained, then by the year 2000 there will be 

 approximately 21 million scientists and 85 million 

 persons working in the general sphere of science and 

 science services! Similarly, the share of alloca- 

 tions to R&D would consume 60 percent of the total 



258 



