national budget ! 1° This has given rise to the feel- 

 ing, at least in some Moscow circles, that the satu- 

 ration point has been reached and that limits need 

 to be imposed on the growth of scientific manpower 

 and expenditures. 19 



Alternatively, the need for greater productivity 

 in the R&D sector has become increasingly apparent. 

 As long as science and technology developed predomi- 

 nantly through extensive means — by exponential in- 

 creases in the number of scientists, the size of bud- 

 gets, the amount of equipment, the number of facili- 

 ties, etc. — there was no particular need to analyze, 

 much less improve, organizational structures and per- 

 formance, observes G. N. Volkov. The switch to an 

 intensive path of development, however, requires 

 greater attention to the effective use of available 

 S&T resources and achievements. 20 Under these modi- 

 fied conditions, a major aim of science policy, Do- 

 brov notes, "is to ensure a rate of growth in the 

 performance of science which keeps ahead of the high 

 absolute rates of growth of resources and organiza- 

 tional parameters of scientific systems. "21 



Just as for broader economic policy, therefore, 

 the question of rational resource allocation for sci- 

 ence policy has become dominant. At the 1971 Party 

 congress Premier Kosygin signaled explicitly the need 

 for a general turn of course: 



Realization of the possibilities of the STR 

 requires more and more expenditures. How- 

 ever, at each stage of its development the 

 state has available only a fixed amount of 

 resources that it can allocate for these 

 purposes. Thus the need arises for choice 

 and for the preferential development of the 

 most important directions of S&T progress, 

 for the formulation and implementation of a 

 uniform national science policy. 22 



To dispel any lingering doubts about the continuing 

 importance of this course, Brezhnev told the Twenty- 

 Fifth Congress five years later, "Emphasis on effi- 



259 



