for achieving it." The emphasis in designing struc- 

 tures must be on flexibility rather than permanence 

 of relationships. "The task is to ensure dynamism, 

 flexibility, and adaptability in systems of manage- 

 ment," writes Milner. "The issue," he explains, "is 

 about introducing organizational structures that are 

 able to respond rapidly to changes in external tech- 

 nological and economic conditions, that can ensure 

 long-range planning, improvement of production organ- 

 ization, a rise in product quality, better ties with 

 consumers, study of product demand, efficient utili- 

 zation of resources, and the organization of effec- 

 tive financial and credit relations ."33 As conven- 

 tional organizational approaches have become ineffec- 

 tive in dealing with problems, the systems view has 

 emerged as a way of coping with complexity and change. 



On another level, there is enhanced awareness of a 

 direct correlation between technology and structure. 

 Technical progress and organizational development are 

 seen increasingly as being interrelated and interde- 

 pendent. Kalita and Mantsurov, for example, observe, 

 "The level of organization and management of produc- 

 tion to a significant — if not decisive — degree now 

 predetermines the rates of S&T progress." They ac- 

 knowledge "a direct dependence between organizational 

 and technical factors of production, between the na- 

 ture of its structure and the rates of technical ad- 

 vance." Milner also notes that qualitative changes 

 in organization and management "are becoming a premise 

 and a result of progress in science and technology ."34 



Accordingly, the adoption of a new strategy for 

 technological innovation and development is seen by 

 some to require organizational adaptation as well. As 

 Brezhnev observed in 1971, the new demands on organi- 

 zation and management "do not allow us to be satis- 

 fied with existing forms and methods, even where they 

 have served us well in the past." P. M. Masherov, a 

 candidate member of the Politburo, told the Party 

 congress in 1971, "Still not all of our executives 

 fully understand that it is impossible to 'squeeze' 

 the revolution in science and technology into the 

 framework of old methods and organizational forms of 



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