Thus, systems planning and programming is seen by 

 many to offer a remedy — if not a panacea — by which to 

 overcome existing deficiencies. But experience re- 

 mains limited in this area. As Academician T. S. Kha- 

 chaturov, editor-in-chief of the main Soviet economic 

 journal, cautioned the 1975 round table on S&T prog- 

 ress, "This is indeed an enticing prospect, but to 

 what degree has the ground been laid for program-in- 

 tegrated planning?" Indeed he reminded them, "It is 

 appropriate to remember that work is only now begin- 

 ning on questions pertaining to planning based on com- 

 plexes and programs."" There are still many unre- 

 solved issues not only about programming per se but 

 also about how to fit programming techniques into the 

 general system of Soviet planning. The issues here 

 are far from purely methodological. 



RAISING MANAGEMENT EFFECTIVENESS 



Problems of choice, priority, and policy are, 

 above all, management problems. Indeed it is possi- 

 ble to say that management has emerged as the "cen- 

 tral issue" in Soviet science policy and development 

 strategy today. A. V. Sobrovin of Moscow University 

 expresses the prevailing official view: "The problem 

 of technical progress is first and foremost a ques- 

 tion of management ."58 in j une 1970 Brezhnev ob- 

 served, "The solution to many of our economic prob- 

 lems should now be sought at the junctures between 

 progress in science and technology and progress in 

 management . "59 Gvishiani writes similarly: 



It is no exaggeration to say that the pace 

 of our advance hinges on organization and 

 capabilities in the system of management. 

 Fusion of the latest achievements in science 

 and technology with the most up-to-date 

 achievements in organization and management 

 is an imperative of the contemporary STR.60 



275 



