into harmonious intrafirm cooperation. "78 Such inte- 

 grating structures are expected to build a more ap- 

 propriate climate for innovation and to help get 

 needed team play. Indeed, the Russian term most fre- 

 quently used to describe these complexes and associa- 

 tions — obedineniye — comes from the verb "to unite" or 

 "to join." It captures the explicit design emphasis 

 on integration and cooperation. 



To be sure, efforts are being made on a variety 

 of fronts to strengthen motivational bonds all along 

 the research-to-production cycle. Current approaches 

 focus almost entirely on the creation of positive in- 

 centives to promote and reward innovation. Little 

 attention, much less emphasis, is being given to the 

 creation and use of negative incentives or sanctions 

 that punish non-innovative behavior, such as are pro- 

 vided by a competitive market economy. In general, 

 though, motivational bonds are difficult to assess 

 until there is greater knowledge and understanding 

 of the nature of anti-innovation attitudes and re- 

 sistance to new technology in the Soviet Union. In- 

 deed, this point was made by Sobrovin at the 1975 na- 

 tional round table on S&T progress: "We still do not 

 know the reasons for the slow introduction of S&T ad- 

 vances by enterprises, and hence we do not know the 

 objective base for searching for new forms and meth- 

 ods of stimulation."'" 



SCIENCE POLICY REFORMS: 

 A BALANCE SHEET 



Following Soviet S&T policies over the last decade, 

 one is struck by a number of features. First, the 

 growing sophistication of research and analysis in 

 this area is amply evident. Important steps are be- 

 ing taken to advance understanding as a first step 

 toward improving the practice of scientific R&D. The 

 proliferation of "research on research" has led to 

 greater awareness of the multiplicity of factors in- 



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