MARINE 

 BrOLOGlCAL 



LABORATORY 



LIBRARY 



WOODS HOLE, MASS. 

 W. H. 0. I. 



Contents 



Page 

 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 



PREFACE vii 



Key to Abbreviations viii 



EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ix 



I GENERIC POLICY ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH SCIENCE AND 



TECHNOLOGY 1 



A. Introduction I 



B. Maintenance and Development of the Science and Technology Base. ... 2 



Financial Support for Science and Technology 3 



Human Resources for Science and Technology 7 



Research Institutions 8 



C. Contributions cf Science and Technology to Industrial Innovation. 

 Productivity, and Economic Growth 12 



The Causes of Lagging Innovation 13 



The Reasons for Current Patterns of Industrial Research and 



Development Investments 14 



Some Remedial Approaches 15 



D. The International Context of U.S. Science and Technology 18 



U.S. Science and Technology Relative to Other Industrialized 



Democracies 18 



U.S. Science and Technology Relative to the U.S.S.R 20 



Transnational Problems and Opportunities 21 



Global Issues 23 



E. Science. Technology, and Policymaking 25 



Maximizing the Availability and Utility of Information for 



Decisionmaking and Policymaking 26 



Science and Regulatory Processes 27 



