Contents 



INTRODUCTION vii 



INTERNATIONAL INDICATORS OF SCIENCE 



AND TECHNOLOGY 1 



Resources for Research and Development 3 



Scientific Research 7 



Technological Invention and Innovation 16 



Productivity and Balance of Trade 21 



RESOURCES FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 29 



National Resources for Research and Development 32 



Federally Funded R&D in Functional Areas 36 



Research Equipment and Facilities 44 



Dissemination of R&D Results 46 



BASIC RESEARCH 49 



Resources for Basic Research 52 



Basic Research in Universities and Colleges 59 



Basic Research in Federally Funded Research and 



Development Centers Administered by Universities 67 



Basic Research in Intramural Federal Laboratories 68 



Basic Research in Industry 70 



Basic Research in Nonprofit Institutions 70 



Research Outputs and Applications 71 



INDUSTRIAL R&D AND INNOVATION 81 



Resources for Industrial R&D 83 



Outputs from R&D and Innovation 94 



Returns from R&D and Innovation 110 



SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING PERSONNEL 113 



Characteristics and Utilization of Science 



and Engineering Personnel 116 



Research and Development Personnel 126 



Unemployment Among Scientists and Engineers 131 



Supply of Scientists and Engineers 132 



Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering 138 



PUBLIC ATTITUDES TOWARD SCIENCE 



AND TECHNOLOGY 143 



APPENDIX 153 



