Figure 1-2 



Scientists and Engineers' 



Engaged in R&D per 10,000 Population, 



by Country, 1963-73 



(Number per 10,000 Population) 

 40 



35 



20 



.-»^ 



U.S.S.R. ^^ 



United States 



Japan 



West Germany ,••• 



France 



1963 



'65 



'67 



'69 



'71 



' Includes all scientists antj engineers (full-time equivalent basis) Data 

 for the United Kingdom are not available. 



SOURCE Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; U S.S.R 

 estimates by Robert W. Campbell, Indiana University. 



and engineers in R&D per 10,000 population is 

 shown in figure 1-2 for the United States, the 

 U.S.S.R., Japan, West Germany, and France. 

 (Data for the United Kingdom are not available.) 

 This indicator should be treated only as an 

 approximate measure of the level and intensity 

 of R&D because it fails to account fully for 

 certain factors, such as national variations in the 

 designation of scientists and engineers and their 

 productivity. 



The United States is the only major R&D- 

 performing nation in which this indicator 

 declined over the period studied." For each of the 



" The U.S. decline is due in large part to decreases in the 

 employment of scientists and engineers in space and defense- 

 related Ri&D. See the "Industrial R&D and Innovation" 

 chapter of this report for further details. 



other countries, the number of scientists and 

 engineers engaged in R&D increased at a faster 

 rate than the population. The United States is 

 also unique among these nations in that a decline 

 occurred in the number of scientists and 

 engineers involved in R&D; this number fell 

 from 558,000 in 1969 to 523,000 in 1973. ^ By 

 comparison, the estimated number of such 

 personnel in the U.S.S.R. increased from ap- 

 proximately 700,000 in 1969 to more than 

 900,000 in 1973. (See Appendix table 1-2.) 



Government-funded R&D 



Governments provide funds for R&D in a 

 variety of areas such as national defense, space 

 exploration, public health, and economic 

 development. The distribution of funds among 

 these areas indicates the relative emphases of 

 the R&D programs of different countries. 



Government expenditures for R&D are 

 classified by the Organisation for Economic Co- 

 operation and Development (OECD) into the 

 following categories: 



National Defmise, encompassing all R&D 

 directly related to military purposes, in- 

 cluding space and nuclear energy activities 

 of a military character; 



Space, including all civilian space R&D such as 

 manned space flight programs and scientific 

 investigations in space; 



Nuclear Energy, consisting of all civilian R&D 

 primarily concerned with nuclear sciences 

 and technology; 



Economic Development, which covers R&D in a 

 wide range of fields including: agriculture, 

 forestry, and fisheries; mining and manufac- 

 turing; transportation, communications, 

 construction, and utilities; 



Health, encompassing R&D in all of the 

 medical sciences, and in health service 

 management; 



Community Services, which includes R&D for 

 such purposes as pollution control, educa- 

 tion, social services, disaster prevention, 

 planning and statistics; and 



Advancement of Science, consisting of funds for 

 fundamental research in government and 

 private laboratories, and for research and 

 science instruction in universities. 



" For more current data, see the chapter in this report 

 entitled "Resources for R&D". 



