Figure 1-4 



Percent of the Citations in Scientific 

 Literature' Citing Countries Other 

 than the Author's Own Country, 

 by Selected Fields,' 1973 



Percent of foreign citations 

 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 



I I I I I I I 



Cfiemistry 



Ptiysics 



Biology and 

 biomedical research 



Engineering 

 Clinical medicine 

 Mathematics 



Earth and 



space sciences 



Psychology 

 Eight field total 



< Based on articles in 2,121 journals in the 1973 Science Citation Indel 

 from ttie US . United Kingdom, West Germany, France, USSR,, and lapan. 

 = See Appendii table 7a for the description of fields The social sciences 

 are excluded because comparable data are not available, 

 SOURCE Computer Horizons. Inc, 



Figure 1-5 



Participation in International Scientific 

 Congresses by the United States 

 and Other Countries, 1960-74 



Number of participants 



1969-71 



1972-74 



tions. The figure shows that almost 60 percent 

 of all citations in the scientific literature of these 

 countries, for the eight fields as a whole, were to 

 research of foreign origin. 



Participation in international congresses. 



International meetings provide opportunities 

 for scientists to exchange information and ideas 

 through personal contact with foreign 

 researchers. Among these are the international 

 scientific congresses of those organizations 

 constituting the International Council of Scien- 

 tific Unions. 



The numbers of scientists from the United 

 States and from other nations who have 

 attended these congresses in recent years are 

 shown in figure 1-5. Although the attendance of 

 U.S. scientists has increased throughout the 

 period, attendance of foreign scientists has 

 grown even more rapidly. In the 1972-74 period, 

 non-U. S. scientists represented 75 percent of all 

 participants. (Peaks in the attendance patterns 

 are due to the larger number of congresses held 

 in certain years). 



SOURCE National Academy ot Sciences 



Scientific literature 



Research reports published in scientific and 

 technical journals are one of the more direct 

 outputs of scientific effort. n Such reports add to 

 the body of scientific knowledge and may 

 stimulate further research. The findings of the 

 research, in addition, may be used in a variety of 

 practical applications, many of which are unan- 

 ticipated at the time the research is done. 

 Although the reports may vary considerably in 

 their theoretical and practical importance, the 

 critical review which usually precedes publica- 



" For discussions of publications as measures of the 

 output of science, see: G, Nigel Gilbert and Steve Woolgas, 

 "The Quantitative Study of Science: An Examination of the 

 Literature", Samce Studies Vol, 4 (1974), pp, 279-294; Henry 

 Menard, Science: Growth ami Change (Cambridge: Harvard 

 University Press, 1971); and Derek ], deSolla Price, Little 

 Science, Big Science (New York: Columbia University Press, 

 1963), 



8 



