involved in R&D-related work exceeded 40 

 percent. 



The 1P73 distribution of these scientists and 

 engineers by field of science and work activity is 

 shown in figure 5-11. Engineers represent the 

 major portion of those with development as a 

 primary work activity, while physical and life 

 science doctorates constitute the major portion 

 of those involved in research. A relatively large 

 proportion of R&D doctorates spend the major 

 part of their time in R&D administration. 



The 1973 distribution of R&D doctorates by 

 type of employer is shown in figure 5-12. In 

 contrast to the pattern for all R&Dscientists and 

 engineers, the doctorates are about equally 

 concentrated in industry and educational in- 

 stitutions, for all fields combined. Information 

 on the distribution by type of employer for major 

 fields of science is presented in figure 5-13. 

 Physical science and engineering R&D doc- 

 torates are most heavily concentrated in in- 

 dustry, while life scientists, mathematical scien- 

 tists, and social scientists are located 

 predominantly in educational institutions. 



The concentration of R&D doctorates by 

 employment sector varies considerably. Almost 

 three-quarters of the doctorates employed in 



industry are engaged primarily in R&D or R&D 

 management, while the R&D involvement of 

 doctorates employed in government is slightly 

 higher. In academic institutions, where teaching 

 is the chief activity, only one-fourth of the 

 doctorates work primarily in R&D. 



R&D in the academic sector 



Some 67,000 or 13 percent of the Nation's full- 

 time equivalent R&D scientists and engineers 

 were employed in universities and colleges in 

 1974;^" approximately 26 percent (18,000) of 

 these are graduate students working as scien- 

 tists and engineers. In contrast to other sectors 

 of employment, university and college personnel 

 involved in R&D are usually primarily engaged 

 in teaching. Thus, the actual number of faculty 

 members engage(i in R&D may be considerably 

 greater than the reported FTE number of 

 67,000. A 1973 survey of U.S. science and 

 engineering doctorates showed that about 

 80,000 of the science and engineering doctorates 

 employed by universities and colleges considered 



-" Natumal Patlems of R&D Resources, 1953-75. National 

 Science Foundation (NSF 75-307). 



Figure 5-11 



Distribution of doctoral scientists and engineers within R&D activities, by field, 1973 



Total 



Research 



Development 



Administration of R&D 



N = 8,580 



N = 28.311 



SOURCE; National Science Foundation. 



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