LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 



Figure 



Page 



THE SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT 



1-1 

 1-2 

 1-3 



1-4 

 1-5 



II— 1 



II-2 

 1 1-3 

 II-4 

 II— 5 



1 1-6 



II-7: 

 II-8: 



III— 1 : 



III-2: 



1 1 1-3: 

 III-4: 



Solar Flare 4 



The Interplanetary Medium 6 



The Magnetosphere 7 



The Ionosphere 9 



Atmospheric Temperature Distribution 12 



DYNAMICS OF THE SOLID EARTH 



Regions of the Earth's Interior 21 



Chronology of Earth's Magnetic Field Reversals 24 



Six Shifting Plates of the Earth 27 



Continental Drift 33 



Seismicity of the Earth 36 



The Upper Mantle in the Region of 



Fiji-Tonga-Raratonga 37 



Seismic Risk in the United States 38 



U.S. Volcanoes 45 



III- 



III- 



III— 7: 



III-8: 



III-9: 



111-10: 



CLIMATIC CHANGE 



Average Water Level in Lake Victoria 



Changes in the Temperature of the 



Ocean Surface 



Temperature Curves Derived from Oxygen 



Isotope Ratios of Deep-Sea Cores 



Variations of the Mean Annual Temperature 



of the Northern Hemisphere 



Precipitation Patterns from Tree Rings 



Computer Simulation of Sea-Level 



Pressure Field 



Factors in the Radiation Balance of the Earth 

 Observed Lagged Temperature Variation of 



the Northern Hemisphere 



Lagged Temperature Curve for the Northern 



Hemisphere Corrected for CO L . 



Lagged Temperature Curve for the Northern 

 Hemisphere Corrected for COj and Dust . . . 



51 



53 



54 



56 

 eO 



65 

 67 



70 



71 



71 



DYNAMICS OF THE ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN SYSTEM 



I V-l : Sea-Surface Temperatures 77 



IV-2: Classification of Waves and Currents 81 



IV-3: Antarctic Waters and Their Circulation S3 



I V-4 : Canton Island Data 85 



IV-5: Walker's "Southern Oscillation" 86 



IV-6 : SIRS Sounding 90 



IV-7: Availability of Upper Air Data 92 



IV-8: Data Required for Forecasts 94 



IV-9: Forecasting Skill 99 



IV-10: Waves and Turbulence in the Clear 



Atmosphere 110 



IV-11: Weather Changes Resulting from Urbanization 114 



IV-12: Heat Island Effect 117 



SEVERE STORMS 



V-l : A History of Hurricane Seedlings 124 



V-2: Hurricane Beulah, 1967 124 



Figure Page 



V-3: Probability Forecasts for Hurricanes 125 



V-4 : Hurricane Losses by Years 127 



V-5 : Hurricane Camille, 1969 134 



V-6: Comparative Losses due to Severe Storms 



and Hurricanes 137 



V-7: Radar View of a Hooked Echo 139 



V-8: Contour-mapped PPI Display 142 



V-9: Contour-mapped Digital Display 143 



V-10: Severe Weather Warning 147 



V-ll : Structure of Hailstone Embryos 150 



V-12: Hail Suppression at Kericho, Kenya 153 



V-13: A Midwest Thunderstorm 155 



V-14 : Lightning 157 



V-15: The Initiation of a Lightning Stroke 159 



PRECIPITATION AND REGIONAL WEATHER PHENOMENA 



VI-1 

 VI-2 

 VI-3 

 VI-4 

 VI-5 

 VI-6 

 VI-7 

 VI-8 

 VI-9 

 VI-10 

 VI-11 



VI-12: 

 VI-13 : 



Annual Worldwide Precipitation 166 



Precipitation Processes 169 



Lattice Structures of Agl and Ice 173 



Temperature Dependence of Nucleating Agents 174 



Optimum Seeding Conditions 176 



Simulated Effect of Cloud Seeding 177 



Concentration of Ice Nuclei in a City 179 



A Driving Hazard 180 



Results of Fog-Seeding Programs 182 



Monsoonal Areas 184 



Array for Barbados Oceanographic and 



Meteorological Experiment (BOMEX) 186 



Frequency of Tropical Cyclones 189 



Dust over the Tropical Atlantic 191 



WATER RESOURCES 

 VII-1 



FORESTRY, AND AGRICULTURE 



Disposition of Water Diverted for Irrigation 



Purpose 199 



VII-2: The Hydrologic Cycle 201 



VII— 3: Subsidence in Long Beach, California 203 



VII-4: Ownership of U.S. Forest Lands 205 



VII-5 : Effects of Forest Fires 208 



VII-6: Relation of Sediment Particle-Size to Flow Rate 210 

 VII— 7: Effect of Land Use on Sediment Yield and 



Channel Stability 211 



VII-8: Potentially Arable Land in Relation to 



World Population 215 



VII-9: Transplanted Species 216 



VII-10: Comparative Perceptions of Feasible 



Adjustments to Drought 219 



AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS 



VIII-1 : Trophic Levels 225 



VIII— 2 : Effect of Alewives on Zooplankton 229 



VIII— 3 : Sensitivity of Phytoplankton to Insecticides . . 234 



VIII-4 : Some Phytoplankton 237 



VIII-5 : Some Zooplankton 238 



VIII-6: An Antarctic Food Chain 239 



VIII-7: Distribution of the World's Fisheries 243 



VIII-8: The Fate and Distribution of Marine Pollutants 245 



VIII-9: A Purse Seine 246 



xn 



