Figure Page 



VIII— 10 : Cost of Economic Activities in 



Corpus Christi Bay 249 



VIII— 11 : Scheme for Using Sewage in Aquaculture .... 252 



VIII-12: Upwelling of Coastal Lake Waters 256 



VIII— 13 : Thermal Influence of Electric Power 



Generation on Lake Michigan 258 



VIII— 14 : Commercial Fish Catch — Lake Michigan .... 261 

 VIII-15: The Effect of Fertilizer on Nitrate 



Concentrations in Rivers 265 



VIII— 16 : Transparency Measurements in 



Lake Washington 271 



VIII— 17 : Measurements of Algae, Phosphorus, and 



Nitrogen in Lake Washington 273 



TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS 



IX— 1: Serai Stages of a Deciduous Forest 277 



IX-2: A Systems Model for a Grassland Ecosystem . . 279 



IX-3 : Mosquito Submodel 282 



IX-4: A Model Validation Study 284 



IX-5: Major World Biomes 286 



IX-6: Plant-Mouse- Weasel Chain 287 



IX-7: Energy Budget of a Horse 288 



IX-8: Relation Between Food Intake and Calorific 



Equivalence of Invertebrates 290 



IX-9: Ecological Effects of Deforestation 294 



IX-10: The Effect of Tree Cover Removal in 



the Tropics 297 



IX— 11: Comparison of Temperate and Tropical 



Forest Types 299 



IX-12: Life Expectancy and Survivorship of 



Isle Royale Moose 305 



IX-13: Effect of Fire on Mesquite Shrubs 306 



IX-14: Quantities of Nutrients Released by Burning 



Tropical Vegetation 309 



IX-15: A Section of the Tundra Biome 313 



IX-16: Flow Diagram of a Wet Coastal Tundra 



Ecosystem 315 



ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS 



X-l : Composition of Clean, Dry Air 329 



X-2: Pollution — An Environmental Problem 331 



X-3 : Atmospheric Scales 332 



X-4: A System for Discussing Air Pollution 333 



X-5: Projection of Physical, Economic, and 



Social Relationships 338 



Figure 



X-6: Atmospheric Particulate Matter Impc 



in Aerobiology 



X-7: Components of a Model for Pollen Aerol 

 X-8: Average Annual Losses from Crop Di 



in the United States 342 



X-9: Distribution of Ragweed Pollen in the 



United States 346 



X-10: Efficiency of Cylindrical Collectors 



for Ragweed Pollen 348 



X— 11: Resistance of Insects and Mites to Pesticides . . 350 



X-12: Pesticide Usage and Agricultural Yields 351 



X-13: Resurgence of California Red Scale 355 



X-14: Concentration of DDT in a Lake Michigan 



Food Chain 356 



X-15: Comparison of Caucasian Dust Fall and 



the Soviet Economy 359 



X-16: PCB Residue in Fish, Birds, and Mammals .... 360 

 X— 17: Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contamination in the 



Marine Environment 361 



X-18: Changes in Malaria Morbidity Before and 



After Mosquito Control 364 



X-19: Areas of Major Malaria Potential 366 



X-20: World Distribution of Schistosomiasis 368 



X-21 : Ejection of Small Droplets into the Atmosphere 



by Bursting Bubbles 370 



HUMAN ADAPTATION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS 



XI— 1: Distribution of the Yanomama Indians in 



South America 375 



XI— 2: Cytogenetic Findings in 49 Yanomama Indians 



from Two Villages in Venezuela 375 



XI-3: Frequency of Sickle-cell Gene in Liberia 377 



XI— 4: Changes in Oxygen Consumption Capacity of 



Lowlanders upon Upward Migration 380 



XI-5: Oxygen Consumption Capacity Among 



High-Altitude Natives 381 



XI-6: Growth Rate Differences Between Nunoa 



and U.S. Children 384 



XI-7: Possible Epidemiological and Pathophysiological 



Mechanisms Relating Carbon Monoxide and 



Myocardial Infarction 386 



XI-8: Rates of Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema 



for Smokers and Non-Smokers 387 



XI-9: Hemodynamic and Respiratory Responses of 



Five Normal Subjects to Carboxyhemoglobin 



(COH,,) 389 



Xlll 



