APPENDIX 



(5) The encouragement of State and local gov- 

 ernments and private supporting organizations to 

 subscribe to the national program, as it is devel- 

 oped, and to the pattern of priorities adopted. 



With respect to the organizations where the work of envi- 

 ronmental science is done, several considerations are of the 

 greatest importance. 



Environmental science, as defined in this report, 

 should be viewed as a distinctive type of activity 

 lying between the extremes of traditional, basic 

 science, on the one hand, and the organizations 

 established by society for the application and use 

 of science and technology. It shares the scientific 

 motivations of the former and the multidisciplinary 

 and organizational complexity of the latter. 



Various types of organizational structures should 

 thus be attempted, as experiments in the manage- 

 ment of environmental science. Two conclusions 

 are especially important: 



(a) In academic institutions, which employ two- 

 thirds of the manpower in environmental science, 

 the need for strong departmental structures has 

 historically hindered the development of effective 

 interdepartmental programs. Within the last few 

 years, however, new capability and experience in 

 systems management, often combined with central 

 funding for complex problems, have given a new 

 vitality to multidisciplinary efforts. A few research 

 institutes and national laboratories have also 

 begun ambitious multidisciplinary studies of envi- 

 ronmental problems. These experiments in orga- 

 nization should be continued, expanded, and 

 followed closely. 



(b) Industry possesses great capability in sys- 

 tems analysis and systems management, but rarely 

 offers the broad array of scientific competence 

 needed in environmental science. Government has 

 additional strengths, particularly in the application 

 of environmental science to environmental man- 

 agement. A more effective use of these resources 

 can be made by combining the talents of industry, 

 government, and universities in new types of 

 research organizations and by seeking new ap- 

 proaches to the management of environmental 

 science. 



4. FUNDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 



If progress in environmental science is to be made at 

 an acceptable rate it is essential that additional manpower be 

 made available both through education and through transfer 

 from other fields and activities. This will occur only if appro- 

 priate employment opportunities and incentives are provided. 

 The character of funding is especially important to this end. 



In addition to the opportunity provided by new 

 types of organizations, as recommended above, 

 provision should be made for continuity of funding 

 of programs of environmental science as being 

 one of the principal means for attracting the best 

 talent. 



It is further recommended that the funding of 

 equipment, facilities, and logistics for environ- 

 mental science be consistent with scientific needs 

 and opportunities. The highest priority should be 

 given to the needs of multidisciplinary teams en- 

 gaged in the study of environmental systems. 



5. DEVELOPMENT OF ADDITIONAL MANPOWER 



While it is essential that the disciplinary strength of aca- 

 demic institutions be maintained and increased across all fields 

 of science, these institutions also have a responsibility specifi- 

 cally with respect to the manpower of environmental science. 



Although competent specialists transferring 

 from related disciplines can constructively enter 

 fields of environmental science through on-the-job 

 training, the process can often be faster and more 

 effective if retraining opportunities are available 

 within the educational context. Hence, it is rec- 

 ommended that colleges and universities consider 

 appropriate means for supplementary education 

 in environmental science for scientific and tech- 

 nical personnel. 



Of special importance to implementing a na- 

 tional program for environmental science is the 

 existence of an informed citizenry, both as a 

 source of future scientists and as the necessary 

 basis for national understanding and motivation 

 of the entire program. The colleges and univer- 

 sities thus have a special opportunity to contribute 

 by the development of new curricula in which to 

 present the perspective of environmental science, 

 as well as of new courses and programs, especially 

 directed to the undergraduate. 



Manpower needs related to environmental science are not 

 confined to the scientists, engineers, technicians, and others 

 who contribute to scientific progress. As environmental science 

 advances, there will be an increasing need for "natural resource 

 administrators" to serve in local, State, or Federal governments. 

 The education of these public administrators involves two 

 types of interdisciplinary training. On the one hand, scientists 

 and engineers must gain a better understanding of the social, 

 economic, legal, and political environment within which prac- 

 tical action must be sought. On the other hand, students of 

 public administration must gain a better perception of the 

 scientific process and a better understanding of how scientists 

 can contribute effectively to the practical solution of environ- 

 mental problems. It is recommended that substantial and 

 adequate funding be made available for these purposes. 



Even with the implementation of these recommendations 

 only gradual progress can be anticipated. Environmental sci- 

 ence is too difficult, too broad in scope, and too near the begin- 

 ning for an effective match with societal need to be achieved 

 during this decade. But, correspondingly, the stakes are too 

 high to miss the opportunity for making the 1970's the base 

 on which a constructive future for mankind will be established. 



393 



