countries, the proportion of those who remain in the United States to work may shrink, affecting 

 the adequacy of the talent pool in key disciplines. In addition to creating uncertainty in the 

 availability of the human resource base for national purposes, the low rate of U.S. participation in 

 science and engineering will reduce the benefits of U.S. higher education to industry. It is impor- 

 tant that the university research system be open internationally, but the United States should not 

 be dependent on foreign citizens to fill technical work force needs. Currently, not enough U.S. 

 students select careers in science and engineering. 



RECOMMENDA TION 



• The Federal government should develop strategies for enhancing the participation and 

 retention of students in the sciences, mathematics, and engineering with special focus on 

 women and underrepresented minorities. 



Issue: Dissemination and Utilization of Knowledge 



It is not enough to generate new knowledge; the new knowledge must be put to work to the 

 benefit of the American people. To translate gains in knowledge into tangible gains in economic 

 activity, environmental quality, public health, and the quality of life generally requires extensive, 

 rapid dissemination of knowledge resulting from Federally supported research at universities. 

 Growth in the utility of knowledge relies on the continued development of knowledge networks 

 and collaborative relationships among academic institutions, industry, and government, and on 

 legal assurances for intellectual property rights for researchers and inventors funded by the 

 Federal government. 



RECOMMENDA TION 



• The Federal government should encourage use of existing and new institutional arrange- 

 ments to increase the dissemination and utilization of knowledge and increase emphasis 

 on university/industry cooperation. 



Issue: Accountability and Administrative Burdens 



Public expectations have increased with respect to universities' fulfillment of their fun- 

 damental responsibilities for education and stewardship of public resources. Increasingly, the 

 conduct of research also raises a variety of legal, social, and ethical issues, including scientific 

 misconduct and conflict of interest. In response to these concerns, university activities have be- 

 come subject to a wide variety of administrative requirements on expenditures of Federal funds 

 and certification of compliance with Federal statutes. Since these Federal requirements can be ex- 



