figure 1: U.S. Academic Share of National R&D 

 By Characler of Work 



Basic Research 



Total Research 



R&D 



than 1 percent of its development activities 

 (Figure 1). Academia has held these positions in 

 the U.S. R&D context since the early 1970s, 

 resulting from a strong build-up of academic re- 

 search capacity during the 1950s and, esjjecial- 

 ly, the 1960s. 



Compared to the early '60s, the institution- 

 al base for academic R&D has grown consider- 

 ably in terms of the number of people involved, 

 amount expended, and number of institutions 

 involved. Though few in number, the research- 

 intensive universities stand out in the nation's 

 higher education system in many ways. They 

 expend 60 percent of the opyerating funds of the 

 nearly 2,000 institutions awarding baccalaureate 

 or advanced degrees, enroll 40 percent of the 

 fulltime students, and grant 35 percent of all 

 bachelors degrees. They are even more 

 prominent in training in the sciences and en- 

 gineering, where they award 45 percent of all 

 bachelors degrees, more than half in the natural 



sciences and engineering, 90 percent of the Ph.D.s, and almost 95 percent of doctorates in NS&E (Figure 2). These 

 numbers have changed little in the past two decades. 



These universities also accounted for about 90 to 95 percent of R&D funds from various sources. They spent 90 

 f)ercent of the national total for facilities used in science and engineering research or training, and 80 percent of the 

 Federal funds for this purpose (Figure 3). 



6U": 



5U% 



40% 



MX 



IU% 



0% 



-+- 



H- 



-l~ 



+ 



+- 



4- 



-+- 



-I- 



^-- 



80% 



50% 



4 OX 



MX 



i:o% 



10% 



0% 



1»6I l»64 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 



ce Nalioii*! Scieace Fuuiidalioii (see refereoce 1) 



Figure 2: Research-Inlensive Universities' Share of Selected 

 Production Indicators for All Four-Year Institutions. 1990 



Figure 3: Research-Intensive Universities' Share of Academic 

 R&l) and S&K Capital Funds from Various Sources, 1990 



0" 



2^", 



40% 



60% 



BO"i 



100^ 



till ulliiteitl-Fuillliiie 



S&t) (>i uduute Sludeiils 

 (Fulltime) 



Baclielois- Total 



Uaclielois-SiiE 



Baclielors-NS&E* 



Doctorates -Total 



Uottorales-SiE 



Uoctoiates-NS&K' 



Uperaliiig Revenues 



0% 



20% 



60% 



80% 



100% 



* S&fc less medical aiid social sciences and (>sycholo(jr 



Soutte NSI'\ special tabulalion (rom NSF and Oepartmeol of Education dala (see reference 2) 



R&D rund^ 



Total 



Federal 



Slate/Local 



Industry 



Own Funds* 



Other Sources 



Stkh' Capital 



Total 

 Federal 



0% 



20% 



40% 



60% 



80% 



100% 



0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 1 00^ 



* Includes unkuann ainouni of stale funds for public inslilutlona: R&D funds exclude APL 

 Source National Science Foundaliou. special tabulation (see reference 3) 



16 



