academic performers, with other major agencies' proportions ranging from 12 percent for the National Aeronautics 

 and Space Administration (NASA) to 30 percent for USDA (Figure 16). However, both NASA and, especially, the 

 Department of Energy (DOE) also rely on university-managed FFRDCs for a share of their research, which in DOE's 

 case amounts to more than half of its total research spending. 



Figure 16: Fraction of Federal Agencies' Research Funds 

 to Academic Inslilulions. 1990 



40% 



60% 



80% 



1UU% 



All Olliei s 



100% 



Source Nalloual Scieocc Foundillon {see reference 16) 



21 



