contents 



Page 



Introduction vii 



Highlights ix 



Chapter: 



1. National R&D Patterns 1 



Total R&D Expenditures 1 



R&D Expenditures by Source and Performer 2 



R&D by Character of Work 4 



Scientists and Engineers 5 



Technical Know-How Expenditures and Receipts 7 



2. Government R&D 9 



Organization of S/T Policymaking 9 



Government Funding 13 



Government R&D Programs 15 



3. Industrial R&D 17 



Overall Industrial R&D Trends 18 



R&D by Industry 19 



R&D to Net Sales and R&D Concentration 20 



Industrial Scientists and Engineers Engaged in R&D 21 



4. Higher Education 23 



Overall R&D Trends 24 



R&D by Field 26 



S/E Degree Production 27 



Postgraduate Education 29 



5. Outputs and Impacts 31 



Scientific Literature 31 



Patent Indicators 33 



Industrial Productivity 34 



Royalties and Fees 35 



Technology Trade 36 



6. Possible Future Directions 39 



Shifts in Focus 39 



Structural Reforms 40 



Internationalism 41 



Trends in R&D Expenditures 42 



Appendixes: 



A. Technical Notes 45 



B. Detailed Statistical Tables 49 



C. Japanese Government Research Programs 65 



D. Awards Under the Specially Promoted Distinguished Research 

 Program of the Ministry of Education 67 



