Table B-24. Doctoral degrees by field and as a proportion of the 27-year-old 

 population: 1984 or 1985 



'Less than 05 percent 



^Including social sciences, humanities, and health*related fields. 



^Of these Japanese doctorates, 4,502 are in health-related fields. 



NOTE Because of rounding, percentages may not add to totals shown 



SOURCES- Government of Japan, Science and Technology Agency, and the National Science Foundation 



Table B-25. Trends in scientific literature outputs: selected years 



Scientific literature outputs 



Journal articles 



Japan 



United States 



World 



Technical reports 



Japan 



United States 



World 



Conference papers 



Japan 



United States 



World 



1972 



1977 



1982 



161,000 

 457,700 

 ,339,200 



5,400 



49,810 



101,300 



15,050 



50,330 



121,500 



227,400 



587,900 



1,741,000 



10,320 



49.010 



130.000 



26.800 



90.000 



221,500 



SOURCE Mitsubishi Sogo Kenkyusho (Mitsubishi Research Institute), Kagaku Giliilsu Joho no Kokusai-lela Ryulsu no Arikata ni Kan-sum. 

 19B4 



Table B-26. Japanese-invented U.S. patents by selected patent classes:^ 1975-84 



Patent classification 



Internal combustion engines 



Radiation imagery 



Photography 



Bioaffecting drugs 



Stock materials 



Optics, systems and elements 



Pictorial communication 



Dynamic magnetic information storage 



Photocopying 



Electrical computers and data processing systems 



Chemical, electrical, and wave energy 



Communications, electrical 



123 

 430 

 354 

 424 

 428 

 350 

 358 

 360 

 355 

 364 

 204 

 340 



'Those classes for which the total number o1 patents exceeded f ,000 



SOURCE: Francis Narin and Dominic Olivastro. Patent Activity and Citation Analysis Using US POC Classitication. interim report by Computer 



Horizons, Inc., to the National Science Foundation. September 1986 



61 



