of knowledge," a function which in- 

 cludes general university funds 

 (GUF) spent on R&D as well as sep- 

 arately budgeted R&D, and should 

 also not be equated with basic re- 

 search (chart 15). 1* The U.S. Gov- 

 ernment spends the preponderance 

 of its R&D budget (68 percent in 1985) 

 on defense. 



The emphasis of the Japanese 

 Government on various R&D objec- 

 tives has been relatively stable over 

 the past decade, with the exception 

 of the shares of funds devoted to 

 energy and defense research. From 

 1975 to 1985, the proportion of ex- 

 penditures for energy R&D dou- 

 bled, rising from 7.5 percent to 16.3 

 percent; defense expenditures in- 

 creased from 2.2 percent to 4.1 per- 

 cent. The relative shares of ail other 

 categories declined to compensate 

 for these increases (chart 16). japan 

 spends a greater proportion of its 

 budget on agriculture, industrial de- 

 velopment, energy, and civil space 

 objectives than does the United 

 States, largely because of its much 

 lower concentration of defense-re- 

 lated R&D expenditures. 



"As noted earlier, the United States does not have 

 the Japanese and European equivalent of general 

 university funds; the US- data on advancement of 

 knowledge do not include expenditures similar to 

 GUF. Also note that approximately one-half of the 

 Japanese Government R&D budget goes to the Min- 

 istry of Education, Science, and Culture. 



Chart 15. Distribution of government R&D funding by objective: 1985 



Percent 

 100 



80 



60 



40 



20 



^^ Japan 



- 80 



United States 



HL 



i 



100 



Agriculture Industrial Energy 



development 



Healtri Advancement Defense 

 of knowledge'' 



^This category includes general university funds spent on R&D and should not be equated wilti basic research 

 SOURCE National Science Foundation, SRS. table B-12 



Chart 16. Japanese Government R&D funding by objective 



Percent 

 100 



80 



60 



40 - 



20 



n 



1975 



100 



80 



1985 



m 



J 



20 



Agriculture Industrial Energy 



development 



Healtti Advancement Defense 

 of knowledge^ 



^This category Includes general universlly lunds spent on R&O and should not be equated with basic research, 

 SOURCE. National Science Foundation, SRS. table B-13 



14 



