Chart 7. Japanese R&D by performer and character of work: 1985 



Percent 

 100 



80 



- — Development 



Applied research 



Basic research 



100 



80 



60 



40 



20 



Total Higher education Industry Government and 



nonprofit 



SOURCE: Nalional Science foundation, SRS, table 8-6 



and applied research is sometimes 

 called "fundamental research" in Ja- 

 pan to distinguish research from de- 

 velopment.) Funds supporting this 

 effort have come from industrial R&D 

 initiatives because of the recent fis- 



cal restraint of the Japanese Govern- 

 ment. Between 1980 and 1985, the 

 proportion of Japan's industrial R&D 

 funds devoted to basic and applied 

 research combined increased from 

 25 percent to 28 percent. 



Chart 8. U.S R&D by performer and character of work: 1985 



Percent 

 100 



80 



Development 



- — Applied research 



Basic research 



100 



80 



60 



40 



20 



Total Higher education Industry 



SOURCE. National Science Foundation. SRS, table B-6 



Government and 

 nonprofit 



scientists and 

 engineers 



Stock of scientists and engineers. 



Given their central role in the R&D 

 process, the number of scientists and 

 engineers in a country provides a good 

 indication of that country's S/E capa- 

 bility. The stock of scientists and en- 

 gineers represents the total number 

 of people in a country who are qual- 

 ified to be scientists and engineers, 

 regardless of their employment sta- 

 tus. International data on scientist 

 and engineer stock are difficult to 

 obtain, however, because most 

 countries do not account for those 

 scientists and engineers who are un- 

 employed or employed in fields other 

 than science and engineering. Em- 

 ployment data derived from na- 

 tional censuses are the best source 

 of information on the stock em- 

 ployed in S/E capacities, with the 

 understanding that these data un- 

 derstate the total stock of scientists 

 and engineers because of the above 

 factors. 



Japan had slightly more than 1.5 

 million employed nonacademic sci- 

 entists and engineers in 1985, com- 

 pared with almost 3.6 million in the 

 United States in 1986 (table 1). Japan 

 has fewer nonacademic scientists and 

 engineers relative to its labor force 

 than does the United States. This 

 condition is attributable to the lower 

 absolute and relative levels of sci- 

 entists in Japan than in the United 

 States: Japan had 28 percent as many 

 scientists and one-half as many en- 

 gineers in 1985 as the United States 

 had in 1986, even though the Japa- 

 nese labor force is slightly more than 

 one-half that of the United States.*" 



"Including social scientists and scientific person- 

 nel. Data are from Peter O. Way and Ellen Jamison, 

 Charactertftics of Scientific and Technical Manpower in 

 the United States and Four Other Industrialized Cou/i- 

 (rit-s (Washington, D.C.; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 

 1986), U.S. Bureau of the Census, Center for Inter- 

 national Research, Recent Data on Scientists and En- 

 gineers in Industrialized Countries (Washington, D.C.: 

 February 1988); and the National Science Founda- 

 tion. 



