Chart 33. World export shares of technology-intensive products^ 



Percent 

 50 



IjSUi', 



40 



50 



- 40 



United States 



J \ I I I I I I 



± 



I I I 







1965 67 '69 71 73 75 77 79 '81 83 '85 



Years 



^Tliose products lor wfiich U.S. R&D expendilures exceed 2 36 percenl of value-added (DOC-21 /Organisation lor Economic Co- 

 operation and Development delinttionj 



SOURCE: National Science fogndalion, SRS. table B-30 



of the total increase in the high-tech- 

 nology trade deficit. Within high- 

 technology trade, the U.S. runs sur- 

 pluses in the aircraft and parts, 



pharmaceuticals, and industrial in- 

 organic chemicals categories. 



On a worldwide basis, Japan has 

 product dominance in the radio and 



television receiver equipment trade, 

 accounting for 78 percent of world 

 exports in 1985 (table 12). It also has 

 large shares of the world's trade in 

 communications equipment (37 per- 

 cent) and professional and scientific 

 instruments (30 percent); the United 

 States has large shares of world trade 

 in aircraft and parts (51 percent), of- 

 fice and computing equipment (33 

 percent), and agricultural chemicals 

 (31 percent). 



Overall, Japan has shown an im- 

 pressive performance in technology 

 outputs and impacts. During the 

 1975-85 period, the share of U.S. pa- 

 tents held by the Japanese doubled; 

 furthermore, patent citation data 

 suggest that not only are the num- 

 ber of Japanese-origin patents in- 

 creasing, but that — in particular 

 product classes — they also repre- 

 sent highly influential inventions. 

 Similarly, trends in technology-in- 

 tensive and high-technology trade 

 reflect the expanded R&D and other 

 efforts of Japan over the last few de- 

 cades, although the outputs of sci- 

 entific research as measured by the 

 two bibliometric data bases have in- 

 creased more modestly. 



Table 11. U.S. trade with Japan in 



high-technology^ manufactured 



products: 1980-86 



[Current dollars In billions] 



Table 12. World export shares of technology-intensive products:^ 1975 and 1985 



[Percent] 



'High-technology products are those U S products that embody 

 signilrcanlly more R&D than other products (U S Department ol 

 Commerce D0C3 definition) High-technology trade includes fewer 

 (and slightly diflereni) product categories than technology-intensive 

 trade because it accounts lor the R&D contntjution ol upstream 

 inputs 



SOURCE U.S. Department of Commerce, Uniled Sates IrsOe: Per- 

 formance in 1985 and Outlook (Washington D C Supl ol Docu- 

 ments. U S Government Pnnting Office. October 1986), and 

 unpublished data 



Product group 



Total 



Aircraft and parts 



Industrial inorganic chemicals 



Radio and TV receiving equipment 



Office and computing machines 



Electrical machinery and equipment. . . 



Communications equipment 



Professional and scientific instruments 



Drugs 



Plastic materials, synthetics 



Engines and turbines 



Agricultural chemicals 



Japan 



1975 



11.6 



.3 

 6.4 



46.3 

 9.2 

 8.7 



14.9 



15.3 

 2.0 



12.0 

 8.7 



12,0 



1985 



19.4 



,4 



4.2 



78.2 



17.7 



18.4 



37.0 



30,0 



2,7 



9.6 



17,7 



3,2 



United States 



1975 



24.5 



61.9 

 18.4 

 6.5 

 31.3 

 21.2 

 24.4 

 19,6 

 13.6 

 12.0 

 259 

 24.1 



1985 



24.2 



50.9 

 20.7 

 6 

 33.1 

 21.9 

 16,1 

 16,9 

 18.4 

 13,2 

 29,4 

 30,7 



'Technology-intensive products are defined as those for which U S R&D expenditures exceed 2 36 percent ol sales (U S Department ol 

 Commerce DOC 2 and Organisation lor Economic Co-operation and Development definition) Data reflect information from 24 reporting countries 

 on exports to, and imports from, each of nearly 200 partner countries 

 SOURCE National Science Foundation, DRI Special Tabulations of international Trade 1987 



38 



